咸丰朝通货膨胀与社会心理反应

发布时间：2019-02-21 10:33

【摘要】：清咸丰时期，政府为了弥补财政亏空，于1853年开始铸造、发行贬值的大钱、钞票。由于货币减值严重、发行量巨大，很快就引发了发行地区的通货膨胀，通胀造成了市场的波动、物价的上涨。在通胀中，社会各阶层采用了不同的方式来进行应对，这背后也体现了他们不同的心理。通胀给社会普通民众的生活造成了严重的困扰。在收入水平不变的情况下，物价持续的上涨使他们每日所得不能供一日的衣食之用。商铺、当铺、官员等对于贬值货币的拒用、折算使民众的利益受到严重的侵害。生活状况的恶化使民众感到恐慌，谣言的传播加剧了他们的恐慌。在恐慌的情绪下人们更加倾向于相信大众，行为上表现出一种从众，从而引发了一次次的挤兑风潮。士兵属固定薪资阶层，通胀时期他们的利益也受到了严重的侵害。士兵们集体抵制发放贬值的货币，向上申诉自己面临的生活困难。通胀时，商人采用各种方式规避风险、追逐利润。他们拒绝接受人们的贬值货币或是对贬值货币进行折算；大量购买、囤积保值的货币，把贬值的货币兑换给大众等。官员尽可能的把自身所承受的损失转接给别人，捐钱局、征税官员，在实际的捐征、税收中全收、多收制钱、银两等保值货币，对于贬值的货币则是拒收、折算。新发货币的拒用、折算，以及通胀造成的市场乱象，使人们对这些货币表现出一种集体的不信任。这种不信任在各阶层之间进行着影响、传播。对货币的不信任使人们产生通胀预期，致使他们更加急于把货币消费掉，，从而减少对这种货币的需求、贮藏。这种通胀预期短期内会加剧通胀但是在长期却会抑止通胀。由此，这种货币会日渐贬值直到退出市场。
[Abstract]:Xianfeng Qing Dynasty, the government to make up for the financial deficit, in 1853 began to cast, issued devalued money, banknotes. Due to the severe currency impairment and huge circulation, the inflation in the issuing area was caused by the fluctuation of the market and the rise of the price. In inflation, different social classes adopt different ways to deal with it, which also reflects their different psychology. Inflation has caused serious troubles to the lives of ordinary people. With constant income levels, rising prices make their daily income impossible to feed and clothe for a day. Shops, pawnshops, officials and other devalued currencies, the conversion of the interests of the public is seriously infringed. The deterioration of living conditions frightened the public, and the spread of rumors exacerbated their panic. In panic, people tend to believe in the public, behave in a manner of conformity, thus triggering a wave of runs. Soldiers belong to the fixed pay class, and their interests have been severely undermined in times of inflation. The soldiers collectively resisted issuing devalued currencies and complained about the difficulties they faced. When inflation, businessmen use a variety of ways to avoid risk, the pursuit of profit. They refuse to accept people's devalued currencies or convert them; they buy, hoard, exchange devalued currencies to the public, etc. Officials transfer their losses to others as far as possible, the money donation bureau, tax officials, in the actual collection, tax collection, more money, silver and other currencies, but for depreciated currencies is rejected, converted. The rejection of new currencies, their conversion, and the market turmoil caused by inflation have given rise to a collective distrust of these currencies. This distrust affects and spreads among all classes. Distrust of the currency creates inflation expectations that make them more eager to consume money, thereby reducing the need for it and storing it. This expectation of inflation will increase inflation in the short term but will curb it in the long run. As a result, the currency will depreciate until it exits the market.
【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：F822.9;K252

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