原型与变体—中国传统建筑中的窗元素及其在当代建筑创作中应用之解读

发布时间：2018-07-03 10:48

本文选题：窗 + 传统　；参考：《南京大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：传统建筑中的窗因形式意义非常丰富,又是“外部封闭、内部洞达”的传统空间格局形成的重要元素,当下建筑实践中有诸多对传统建筑中的窗进行传承演绎的实例。暂且不论传承的好坏,传承发生的层面是非常多样的,如何厘清这种“变形的窗”与传统中的“原型”之间的形式关系,笔者以为需要对传统建筑中的窗设计的基本元素进行抽离,建立一定的分析方法体系才能实现。以往对传统建筑中的窗的研究多是从构造层面对不同类型的窗进行一一解剖,除却提供了研究资料外对当代创作的应用影响甚微。基于此在本文第二章笔者提出“基于建造与模度规律的传统窗原型分析体系”对窗的设计进行解析。建造是指从“墙”到“窗”的建造体系,墙体的建造逻辑分为砌筑式墙体和板壁式墙体,窗的建造逻辑可分解为洞口意义和窗扇意义。砌筑式墙体既包涵挖去的洞口也包涵加上去的窗扇构件,而板壁式墙体则只有加上去的窗扇的构件意义。模度是指窗与人体尺度的关系,传统建筑的建造是以人体尺度为基本的衡量标准。窗作为采光、通风以及观景通道,人体尺度是其基本的设计要素。根据“建造与模度规律”的方法,传统窗原型首先分类为檐墙窗、院墙窗和山墙窗,不同载体上再根据洞口的下皮高度或中心高度与人的腰高、胸高、视高和身高的对应关系一一分类,再下一个层级即是根据窗扇的有无、开启等进行细分。在提出“建造和模度规律”的分析体系后,第三章展开了对传统窗原型的构成分析。在檐墙窗的原型抽取中,因各类窗大多是由长窗变化而来或者跟长窗配套,所以抽取长窗与槛窗结合作为基本的原型；而二层开窗的情况受制于一层檐口结构,所以结合一层檐口结构的分类进行分析。院墙窗的原型抽取要素为一是洞口与视高的关系；二是洞口大小与人体行为之间的关系；三是窗扇芯屉的不同。山墙窗的抽取要素为一是窗室内下皮的高度,二是窗扇的开启方式的不同。第四章则过渡到对当代窗变体的构成分析以及评判。分析评判的视角一是基于“窗”与建筑的关系的变与未变,二是关于窗的“传统性”的三个要素(构造工法、样式和尺度感)的变与未变。接下来同样要对变体进行分类,分为以下三类：一是由檐墙窗演变而来,多是对传统天井四周“连续、开启、精致的格扇”的合院表情进行的演绎；二是由院墙窗演变而来,则多从园林建筑中窗与景与人关系的设置上传承演变；三是当代创作中一些表皮类型的变体。然后是对每一类变体首先进行纵向的与原型之间的对比,指出其在“建造和模度”各个层面上的变与未变；再将每一类相互之间做横向的对比,尽力挖掘出当代创作中对传统的演绎的多样性。
[Abstract]:The window in the traditional architecture is very rich in formal meaning, and it is also an important element in the formation of the traditional spatial pattern of "external closure, internal hole access". There are many examples of the inheritance and deduction of the window in the traditional architecture in the present architectural practice. Regardless of whether the inheritance is good or bad, the layers in which inheritance occurs are very diverse. How to clarify the formal relationship between this "distorted window" and the "prototype" in the tradition? The author thinks that it is necessary to detach the basic elements of the window design in the traditional architecture and establish a certain analytical method system to realize it. In the past, most of the researches on windows in traditional architecture were dissected one by one from the structural layers facing different types of windows, except for the research materials provided, which had little influence on the application of contemporary creation. Based on this, in the second chapter of this paper, the author puts forward "the traditional window prototype analysis system based on the law of construction and modulus" to analyze the window design. Construction refers to the construction system from "wall" to "window". The construction logic of the wall can be divided into masonry wall and slab wall, and the window construction logic can be divided into the significance of the opening and the significance of the window. The masonry wall contains both the excavated hole and the added window member, while the slab wall has only the significance of the added window sash. Modularity refers to the relationship between window and human scale, and the construction of traditional architecture is based on human scale. Windows as lighting, ventilation and viewing channels, human scale is the basic design elements. According to the method of "Construction and Modulus Law", the traditional window prototype is classified as eaves wall window, courtyard wall window and gable wall window, and then according to the height of the lower skin or center of the hole and the height of the waist and chest, different carriers are used. The corresponding relationship between height and visual height is classified one by one, and then the next level is subdivided according to the existence and opening of window sashes. After putting forward the analysis system of "Construction and Modulus Law", the third chapter analyzes the structure of the traditional window prototype. In the prototype extraction of eaves wall windows, because most of the windows are changed by long windows or matched with long windows, the combination of long windows and sill windows is taken as the basic prototype; and the condition of opening windows on the second floor is restricted by the structure of the cornice on the first floor. Therefore, combined with a layer of cornice structure classification analysis. The archetypal extraction elements of the wall window are the relationship between the orifice and the apparent height, the relationship between the size of the hole and the human body behavior, and the difference of the window core drawer. The extraction elements of the gable window are the height of the interior skin and the different opening way of the window sash. The fourth chapter is to analyze and judge the contemporary window variants. The angle of view of analysis and evaluation is based on the change or immutability of the relationship between "window" and architecture, and the change and immutability of the three elements (construction method, style and sense of scale) of the "tradition" of window. Next, the variants will also be classified into the following three categories: one is the evolution from the eaves, walls and windows, most of which is the interpretation of the "continuous, open, exquisite lattice fan" expression around the traditional patio; the other is the evolution from the courtyard wall window. It mainly inherits and evolves from the setting of the relationship between windows and scenery and people in the garden architecture; third, the variation of some epidermis types in contemporary creation. Then there is a vertical and prototype comparison of each variant, pointing out whether it has changed or not at all levels of "construction and modularity," and then contrasting each other horizontally with each other. Try to excavate the diversity of traditional interpretation in contemporary creation.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TU228

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