黄土高原滑坡发育背景与成灾模式研究

发布时间：2018-05-02 01:37

本文选题：黄土高原 + 滑坡类型　；参考：《长安大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：黄土高原具有特殊的构造、地貌、地层结构等特征,是我国地质灾害比较发育的地区之一。本文以黄土高原为研究区域,以该区的滑坡为研究对象,系统研究了其发育背景、诱发因素及成灾模式。通过对黄土高原滑坡发育类型、分布特点与地质条件、地理环境的关系研究,总结了黄土高原滑坡的形成条件、控制因素及诱发因素,确定了8种滑坡典型成灾模式,对每一种成灾模式选取典型滑坡案例做了机理分析和运动学模拟。黄土高原位于华北地台和青藏褶皱隆起带的复合部位,现代构造活动受东部太平洋板块、西南印度板块推挤及北部西伯利亚板块的阻挡,使黄土高原不同区域出现差异性升降、拉张与挤压共存的构造格局。六盘山、子午岭、黄龙山是黄土高原内部隆升较强烈的区域;汾渭地堑属于现代断陷区;陇中、天水、陇东及陕北大部分地区新近系为沉降盆地,第四纪为平稳抬升区。这些构造作用的趋势控制着黄土地貌及滑坡灾害的类型。黄土高原的地貌类型可划分为基岩山地、黄土塬、黄土台塬、黄土梁、黄土峁、河谷平原、盆地、沙漠及戈壁等。不同地貌类型上的滑坡类型及发育强度均有差异,地貌是滑坡灾害的主要控制因素之一。对该区构造和地貌的详细解析,从历史和成因的角度为滑坡灾害的研究奠定基础。黄土高原的斜坡结构,按其岩性组合划分为土质斜坡、岩质斜坡及岩土复合斜坡三大类。斜坡的结构类型控制着滑坡的类型。据此将滑坡分为黄土层内滑坡、黄土-基岩接触面滑坡和黄土-基岩滑坡三种类型。诱发滑坡灾害的动力因素有地表水及地下水作用、河流侵蚀、人类工程活动、冻融及风化作用、新构造运动及地震。其中地表水与地下水作用包括降雨入渗、农业灌溉和水库浸没等;人类工程活动包括堆载及开挖、矿山开采及抽取地下水。各种动因产生的滑坡类型也具有各自的特点。根据滑坡地层结构和运动学特点,将黄土高原滑坡分为“8种模式”,即高速远程滑坡模式(东风滑坡)、高速滑坡-沟谷泥流模式(高楼村滑坡)、高速滑坡-坡面泥流模式(焦家滑坡)、快速错落式滑坡(三亩台滑坡)、深层蠕动型滑坡模式(延炼滑坡)、浅层蠕动型滑坡模式(罗玉沟滑坡)、泥岩切层高速远程滑坡模式(洒勒山滑坡)、泥岩切层高速滑坡-泥石流模式(大沟滑坡泥石流),控制各类模式的因素为地层、斜坡结构类型及触发因素,对8种模式分别选取典型滑坡案例,进行机理分析和运动学模拟。
[Abstract]:The Loess Plateau has special structural, geomorphological and stratigraphic features, and is one of the regions with relatively developed geological disasters in China. Taking the Loess Plateau as the study area and the landslide in this area as the research object, this paper systematically studies the development background, the inducing factors and the disaster pattern of the landslide. Based on the study of the relationship between the development types, distribution characteristics, geological conditions and geographical environment of landslides in the Loess Plateau, the forming conditions, controlling factors and inducing factors of landslides in the Loess Plateau are summarized, and eight typical landslide disaster modes are determined. The mechanism analysis and kinematics simulation of each typical landslide case are made. The Loess Plateau is located in the composite part of the North China platform and the Qinghai-Tibet fold uplift belt. The modern tectonic activity is blocked by the eastern Pacific plate, the southwestern Indian plate and the northern Siberian plate, which makes the different regions of the Loess Plateau rise and fall differently. The tectonic pattern in which tension and compression coexist. Liupanshan, Ziwuling and Huanglong Mountain are relatively strong uplift areas in the Loess Plateau; Fen-Wei graben is a modern faulted area; Neogene is a subsidence basin in Longzhong, Tianshui, Longdong and northern Shaanxi, and the Quaternary is a stable uplift area. These tectonic trends control the types of loess landforms and landslide disasters. The landforms of the Loess Plateau can be divided into bedrock mountain, loess plateau, loess plateau, loess beam, loess knoll, valley plain, basin, desert and Gobi, etc. The landform is one of the main controlling factors of landslide disaster. The detailed analysis of the structures and landforms in this area lays a foundation for the study of landslide disasters from the point of view of history and genesis. The slope structure of the Loess Plateau can be divided into three categories according to its lithologic assemblage: soil slope, rock slope and geotechnical composite slope. The type of slope structure controls the type of landslide. The landslide can be divided into three types: loess-bedrock interface landslide and loess-bedrock landslide. The dynamic factors of landslide disaster are surface water and groundwater, river erosion, human engineering, freeze-thaw and weathering, neotectonic movement and earthquake. The interaction between surface water and groundwater includes rainfall infiltration, agricultural irrigation and reservoir immersion, and human engineering activities include heaps and excavations, mining and extraction of groundwater. The types of landslides caused by various causes also have their own characteristics. According to the stratigraphic structure and kinematic characteristics of landslides, the landslide in the Loess Plateau is divided into "eight modes". High speed remote landslide model (Dongfeng landslide, high speed landslide-gully mudflow model), high speed landslide-slope mudflow model (Jiaojia landslide, fast dislocation landslide, deep creeping slide) Slope model (Yanlian landslide, shallow creeping landslide (Luoyugou landslide), mudstone cut layer high speed remote landslide (Sale mountain landslide), mudstone cut layer high speed landslide-debris flow model (Dagou landslide, mudslide, control The type of model is stratigraphic, The type of slope structure and trigger factors were selected to analyze the mechanism and kinematics of typical landslide cases.
【学位授予单位】：长安大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：P642.22

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