人机工程学在汽车装配工人肌肉疲劳中的应用研究

发布时间：2018-05-19 00:12

本文选题：汽车装配 + 排气系统　；参考：《上海海洋大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着社会的进步和科学技术的发展,人们的生活质量不断提高,对于工作产生的职业病也越来越重视。在汽车装配过程中,高负荷的工作和不良的工作姿势很容易造成操作工人的肌肉疲劳,进而导致职业病的产生,这些伤病会阻碍企业的生产,导致生产效率低下。因此,企业需要采取相应的改善措施来降低操作工人的疲劳度,预防职业病。本文选取负荷大、不良操作姿势多的排气系统安装工位为研究对象,应用人机工程学理论及评估工具对该工位进行评估,并给出改善措施,从而降低操作工人的疲劳度,减轻肌肉骨骼疾患,为汽车装配过程中其它工位的改善提供改善思路及方法。本文首先对排气系统安装工位进行初步调查,得到该工位的工序及每道工序的时间,绘制该工位的流程程序图,发现操作工人移动次数较多且往返现象严重,存在很多的浪费。然后利用“5W1H”、“ECRS”原则对流程程序图进行优化,有效地缩短了工时,提高了操作工人的工作效率。为了评估排气系统安装过程中操作工人的不良操作姿势及肌肉疲劳情况,首先利用人机工程姿势及负荷评价标准对排气系统安装过程中操作工人操作姿势进行初步评估。然后利用人机工程学软件DELMIA对该工位进行建模仿真,通过快速上肢评估、提举分析和单行为生物力学分析这三个评估工具对初步评估给出的结果进行再次的评估,结合两次评估的结果,给出排气系统安装过程中操作工人的不良操作姿势。最后,为了验证仿真的可靠性,且从多方面来反映操作工人肌肉的疲劳情况,进行表面肌电实验,通过时域、频域和联合频谱振幅分析,得到在排气系统安装过程中操作工人的肌肉疲劳情况,发现操作工人每工作1.5小时,肌肉的活动状态不断降低,需要休息,并且肱桡肌、斜方肌上端、三角肌和肱二头肌这四块肌肉的放电贡献率在六块肌肉中占主导地位,且贡献率依次降低。根据DELMIA仿真及表面肌电实验给出的结果,对排气系统安装工位的设施进行了两个方面地改善设计。第一个方面是前排气系统物料架的改善设计。根据人机工程学中最佳立姿工作面、人手作业范围、手控操纵器与人体尺寸关系及视觉特征,以及人体垂直面内的最佳视野,确定了物料架的高度和宽度、控制按钮的尺寸和颜色,以及控制板的高度。第二个方面是根据动作经济原则,增加了吊具,使操作工人在运送后排气系统时不受力,轻快的动作。综合流程程序的改善、物料架的改善设计及吊具的增加,给出了改善后的方案。为了验证上述改善要点的合理性及有效性,对改善后的方案进行与原方案相同的DELMIA仿真和表面肌电实验。将仿真及实验的结果与原方案的结果进行对比分析,结果表明操作工人的不良姿势得到有效的改善,并且操作工人在2h之内都处于正常的工作状态,并没有造成肌肉损伤。
[Abstract]:With the progress of society and the development of science and technology, people's quality of life has been improved, and more attention has been paid to occupational diseases. In the process of automobile assembly, high load work and bad working posture can easily cause muscle fatigue of the operator, and then lead to occupational diseases. These injuries and injuries will hinder the production of enterprises and lead to inefficient production. Therefore, enterprises need to take corresponding improvement measures to reduce the fatigue of operation workers and prevent occupational diseases. In this paper, the installation station of exhaust system with heavy load and bad operating posture is selected as the research object. The ergonomics theory and evaluation tools are used to evaluate the station, and the improvement measures are given to reduce the fatigue degree of the operator. To reduce musculoskeletal diseases and provide improvement ideas and methods for the improvement of other work stations in the process of automobile assembly. In this paper, a preliminary investigation is made on the installation station of the exhaust system, and the working procedure and the time of each working procedure are obtained, and the procedure diagram of the station is drawn. It is found that the number of movement of the operator is more and the phenomenon of commuting is serious, and there is a lot of waste. Then the principle of "5W1H" and "ECRS" is used to optimize the flow chart, which effectively shortens the working hours and improves the working efficiency of the operation workers. In order to evaluate the poor operating posture and muscle fatigue of the operator during the installation of the exhaust system, the ergonomic posture and the load evaluation standard were used to evaluate the operating posture of the operator during the installation of the exhaust system. Then we use the ergonomics software DELMIA to model and simulate the work station, and evaluate the results of the preliminary evaluation through three evaluation tools: quick upper limb evaluation, lift analysis and single behavior biomechanical analysis. Combined with the results of the two evaluations, the bad operating posture of the operator during the installation of the exhaust system is given. Finally, in order to verify the reliability of the simulation and to reflect the fatigue of the operator's muscle from many aspects, the surface electromyoelectric experiment was carried out, and the time-domain, frequency-domain and joint spectrum amplitude analysis were carried out. The muscle fatigue of the operator during the installation of the exhaust system was obtained. It was found that the muscle activity of the operator decreased continuously every 1.5 hours of work, required rest, and the upper end of the brachioradialis muscle and trapezius muscle. The discharge contribution rate of deltoid muscle and biceps brachii muscle was dominant in six muscles, and the contribution rate decreased in turn. According to the results of DELMIA simulation and surface electromyography experiment, the installation facilities of exhaust system are improved in two aspects. The first aspect is the improved design of the material rack of the front exhaust system. The height and width of the material rack are determined according to the optimum vertical position working face, the range of manual work, the relationship between manual manipulator and human body dimension and visual characteristics, and the best visual field in the vertical plane of human body. Control the size and color of the button and the height of the control panel. The second aspect is that according to the principle of action economy, the lifting gear is added, so that the operator does not bear the force and move briskly when the exhaust system is transported. The improved program, the improved design of the material rack and the increase of the hanger are given. In order to verify the rationality and effectiveness of the above improvements, the DELMIA simulation and surface electromyography (EMG) experiments of the improved scheme were carried out in the same way as the original scheme. The results of simulation and experiment are compared with the results of the original scheme. The results show that the bad posture of the operator is effectively improved and the operator is in a normal working state within 2 hours and no muscle damage is caused.
【学位授予单位】：上海海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：R13;TB18

【参考文献】