环形自由面对岩石爆破影响的研究

发布时间：2018-07-03 17:15

本文选题：环形自由面 + 岩石爆破　；参考：《中国科学技术大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着中国经济建设的快速推进,城市地表高楼林立,地下各种交通轨道纵横穿越,人们对爆破技术的要求越来越高,要想在城市地下或周边进行爆破作业,其爆破方案及方法常常需要得到各界专家的仔细讨论与论证,且爆破过程经常受到各种严格、苛刻的限制。即便如此,还是有许多人谈爆色变,拒绝采用爆破方法施工。因为传统爆破方法极易对周边环境带来影响,在爆破作业工程中,建筑物受到振动的作用,可能引发建筑结构性和非结构性破坏,甚至带来次生灾害。然而,尽管机械作业在城市建设中迅猛发展,但钻爆施工依然是隧道掘进,基坑开挖(尤其是在硬岩的条件下)最主要的方法之一。如何运用好爆破技术,使其成为促进人类文明发展的利器,已成为无数爆破专家的奋斗目标。近年来,人造金刚石成本大幅下降,给钻头行业带来了一场革命,一方面大大改善了钻头的各种性能,另一方面降低了金刚石钻头的生产成本,加快了施工速度。由此,取岩芯钻头(俗称水钻)得到了很好的发展,使得本文所提的环形自由面岩石爆破法得以实现与推广。环形自由面岩石爆破法是借助空心钻头在岩石表面打出环形自由面,形成岩芯,根据空心钻头所形成岩芯的大小在该岩芯中心打上一个或多个炮孔,爆破后破碎并抛出岩芯,从而完成大空腔岩石爆破过程。该方法可提高岩石爆破的效率,改善爆破质量,降低炸药单耗,提高炸药能量利用率,减少爆破振动与爆破能量,对周边环境起到很好的保护作用。本文对环形自由面岩石爆破技术的作用机理、效果及振动信号分析进行了深入探讨,数值模拟与试验结果良好吻合,主要研究内容如下:通过文献调研,了解传统爆破工程存在的问题以及自由面对爆破效果的影响,得出自由面的存在可以提高岩石爆破效率,减少炸药单耗,降低爆破振动,并有效保护周边环境。结合空心钻头的发展现状,由此采用环形自由面岩石爆破技术进行岩石爆破数值模拟与钢管约束模型实验。从理论上推导出岩芯爆破极限半径尺寸之后,又进行了无约束模型实验,同时,采用HHT方法对实验中测得的爆破振动信号进行分析,得出环形自由面岩石爆破可以降低爆破振动与爆破能量,提高炸药能量利用率,具有重要的应用价值。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of China's economic construction, the city surface is full of tall buildings, and all kinds of underground traffic tracks are traversed longitudinally and horizontally. People have higher and higher requirements for blasting technology. If we want to carry out blasting operations underground or around the city, The blasting schemes and methods often need to be discussed and demonstrated by experts from all walks of life, and the blasting process is often subject to various strict and harsh restrictions. Even so, there are still many people talking about the color of the explosion, refused to use the blasting method of construction. Because the traditional blasting method is easy to affect the surrounding environment, the vibration of buildings may cause structural and non-structural damage, and even bring secondary disasters. However, in spite of the rapid development of mechanical work in urban construction, drilling and blasting construction is still one of the most important methods for tunneling and foundation pit excavation (especially in hard rock conditions). How to make good use of blasting technology to promote the development of human civilization has become the goal of numerous blasting experts. In recent years, the cost of artificial diamond has been greatly reduced, which has brought a revolution to the drill bit industry. On the one hand, it has greatly improved the performance of the bit, on the other hand, it has reduced the production cost of the diamond bit and accelerated the construction speed. Thus, the core bit (commonly known as water drill) has been well developed, and the ring free surface rock blasting method proposed in this paper has been realized and popularized. The method of rock blasting with annular free surface is to form a core by shooting a ring free surface on a rock surface with a hollow bit. According to the size of the core formed by the hollow bit, one or more holes are made in the center of the core, and the core is broken and thrown out after blasting. Thus, the blasting process of rock with large cavity is completed. This method can improve the efficiency of rock blasting, improve the quality of blasting, reduce the unit consumption of explosives, increase the utilization ratio of explosive energy, reduce the blasting vibration and blasting energy, and play a good role in protecting the surrounding environment. In this paper, the mechanism, effect and vibration signal analysis of annular free surface rock blasting technology are deeply discussed. The numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results. The main research contents are as follows: through literature research, The problems existing in the traditional blasting engineering and the influence of the free face on the blasting effect are understood. It is concluded that the existence of the free surface can improve the rock blasting efficiency, reduce the explosive unit consumption, reduce the blasting vibration, and effectively protect the surrounding environment. Combined with the development of hollow bit, the numerical simulation of rock blasting and the experiment of steel pipe constraint model are carried out by using the technique of ring free surface rock blasting. After deducing the limit radius size of core blasting theoretically, the unconstrained model experiment is carried out. At the same time, HHT method is used to analyze the blasting vibration signal measured in the experiment. It is concluded that the blasting of ring free surface rock can reduce the blasting vibration and blasting energy, and improve the energy utilization ratio of explosives, which has important application value.
【学位授予单位】：中国科学技术大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：TU751.9

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