仿生陷光功能表面设计制造及性能研究

发布时间：2018-07-09 19:07

本文选题：仿生学 + 蝴蝶　；参考：《吉林大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：在太阳能电池领域中，光学损失是影响其效率提高的最重要障碍之一。目前，用于减少太阳能电池表面光学损失的主要途径有两条：一是利用减反射薄膜，二是利用陷光结构。同时，作为地球上阳光辐射中必不可少的部分，紫外光（200-400nm）对于地球上的生命来说至关重要，是必要的，但是，过多的紫外辐射却对人体会造成致命的伤害。因此，对于紫外波段陷光表面的研究同样具有重要的意义，尤其是对于空间装备以及空间探索领域。陷光结构是通过制作一些表面结构来降低表面的反射率，它通过反射、折射和散射作用，将入射光分散到各个角度，从而增加光在太阳能电池等装置中的光程，使光被吸收的效率显著增加。目前，已经研制出的陷光表面有很多种，例如，蜂窝状表面、正弦光栅织构化表面、酒窝状有序表面、周期性金字塔及倒金字塔结构表面、二元光栅表面等，这些陷光表面在众多领域的光学装置上均得到了很好的应用。然而，这些光学结构的实际陷光性能或者陷光效率并没有达到理想的状态。因此，寻求最优化的高效陷光功能表面成为光伏领域研究的热点和难点。受仿生学的启发，本文选取生活在高海拔或高纬度地区等低温、强紫外环境下的蝴蝶作为生物样本，它们分别是翠叶凤蝶、翡翠凤蝶及三种绢蝶。通过紫外可见分光光度计对典型蝴蝶鳞片进行反射光谱测量，发现了翠叶凤蝶和翡翠凤蝶翅膀鳞片在可见光波段均具有优异的陷光特性，五种绢蝶均具有优异的紫外陷光特性。采用体视显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及透射电子显微镜等对典型蝴蝶鳞片陷光结构进行分析，获得了典型蝴蝶鳞片陷光结构参数，建立了仿生陷光结构光学模型，，揭示了典型蝴蝶鳞片优异陷光特性机理。对于翠叶凤蝶，其翅膀表面具有两层结构完全不同的鳞片，A型塔状结构对入射光具有相消干涉作用，B型多孔光栅结构对入射光具有衍射作用，两者共同作用实现优异的陷光特性。翡翠凤蝶多层介质膜一维光子晶体同样实现了优异的陷光特性。绢蝶通过在一维光子晶体层中剪切并生成了光栅结构，同时利用光栅光束定向特性以及光子晶体光波选择特性达到优异紫外陷光特性。此外，由于蝴蝶翅膀三维超微结构与角质层复杂折射系数的完美组合超出了目前现有微纳制造技术能力的范围，对于其分级结构整体的复制并不完整，对微纳陷光表面的制造面临挑战，本文直接利用蝴蝶翅膀为生物模板，分别采用溶胶-凝胶以及生物模板法对典型蝴蝶陷光功能表面进行结构和功能的仿生设计与制造。获得了一种对蝴蝶鳞片结构可调的仿生陷光复合材料样品，在溶胀的过程中光谱的反射率逐渐增加，陷光特性减弱，实现了对其陷光性能的调节和控制。通过对比模板与制造样品表面微结构的形状、分布和尺寸参数，证明了仿生制造样本继承了生物样本陷光表面的倒置结构，为进一步地精确研究蝴蝶翅膀表面结构和光学相互耦合效应提供必要的样品支持，进而可以设计出高性能的光学器件。全文共分七章。第一章为绪论，详细阐述了目前陷光结构研究的重大需求，生物功能特性与其表面结构之间的紧密关系以及目前仿生研究的最新进展，介绍了目前对于仿生功能表面微纳制造的最新进展以及面临的重大挑战。第二章是对蝴蝶鳞片陷光功能表面及其光学性能测试，筛选出具有优异陷光特性的蝴蝶物种并对其光学性能进行详细的研究，获得蝴蝶鳞片三维结构参数。第三章是蝴蝶鳞片陷光功能特性的计算与模拟，利用前面对典型蝴蝶翅膀鳞片陷光表面微结构分析得到的试验数据，建立了陷光结构的光学模型，从生物独特功能特性与其表面结构的关系角度出发，利用光子晶体及衍射光栅理论对这些光学模型进行计算与模拟，通过分析陷光结构的光学模型，再现蝴蝶翅膀超微结构与光波的相互作用规律，获得了这些光学模型的模拟结果，通过模拟与计算结果的对比分析确定其优异陷光特性及其形成机理。第四章是陷光功能表面溶胶-凝胶法制造，利用溶胶-凝胶工艺制造了陷光功能表面复合材料样品，通过施加外部刺激实现对陷光表面结构及功能的可调。第五章是仿生陷光功能表面生物模板法制造，以正硅酸乙酯为前驱体，以具有陷光功能特性的蝴蝶翅膀为模板，通过溶胶-凝胶以及选择性腐蚀工艺对蝴蝶翅膀陷光功能表面进行仿生设计及制造，最终获得了陷光表面结构的倒置结构制造样品。第六章是仿生陷光功能表面制造样品性能研究，对溶胶-凝胶及生物模板法制造获取的样品，进行微结构及光学性能的详细对比分析，通过对生物样本及制造样本之间的多角度多手段的对比分析，确定了仿生制造样本对生物样本结构和功能的高精度继承。第八章为结论。本文对于仿生陷光功能表面的研究，将为新型高效陷光结构的研究提供新的思路，如果将这种仿生陷光功能表面应用于光能利用的陷光设计，有望降低光能利用过程中的光学损失，在提高太阳能电池中的光能利用效率方面具有重要的工程应用价值。
[Abstract]:In the field of solar cells, optical loss is one of the most important obstacles to improve the efficiency of the solar cell. At present, there are two main ways to reduce the optical loss of the solar cell surface: one is to use the antireflection film, and the two is to use the trapping structure. At the same time, the ultraviolet light (200-400nm) is an essential part of the sun radiation on the earth. It is essential to life on the earth, but it is necessary, but too much ultraviolet radiation can cause fatal damage to the human body. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the trapped surface of the ultraviolet band, especially for space equipment and space exploration. The structure of the trap is made by making some surface structures. The reflectivity of low surface, which spreads the incident light into various angles by reflection, refraction and scattering, increases the light path of light in a solar cell and so on, and increases the efficiency of the absorption of light significantly. At present, there are many kinds of trapped surface, such as the honeycomb surface, the sinusoidal grating textured surface, the dimple shape. The order surface, the periodic Pyramid and the inverted Pyramid structure surface, the two element grating surface, etc., these optical surfaces have been well applied in the optical devices of many fields. However, the actual trapping performance or the light trapping efficiency of these optical structures has not reached the ideal state. Therefore, the optimization of the efficient trapping function table is sought. Surface has become a hot and difficult point in the field of photovoltaic research.
Inspired by bionics, this paper selects butterflies as biological samples in high and high latitudes and high latitudes. They are butterflies, jadeite butterflies and three kinds of sphenoid butterflies, respectively. The typical butterfly scales are measured by the ultraviolet spectrophotometer, and the butterflies and jadeite butterflies are found. The wing scales have excellent trapping characteristics in the visible light band, and the five kinds of spice have excellent UV trapping characteristics. Stereoscopic microscope, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope are used to analyze the trapping structure of Typical Butterfly Scales, and the structure parameters of Typical Butterfly Scales are obtained, and the bionic trapping structure is established. The optical model reveals the excellent mechanism of the excellent trapping characteristics of the typical butterfly scales. For the butterflies, the wing surface has two layers of completely different scales. The A type tower structure has an interference effect on the incident light, and the structure of the B type porous grating has diffraction effect on the incident light. The one dimensional photonic crystal of the multi layer dielectric film of butterflies also achieves excellent light notch characteristics. The spun sphenoid is cut through the one-dimensional photonic crystal layer and produces a grating structure. At the same time, the excellent ultraviolet trapping characteristics are achieved by the directional characteristic of the grating beam and the optical wave selection characteristic of the photonic crystal. The perfect combination of the complex refractive index of the mass layer is beyond the current scope of the existing micro nano manufacturing technology. The duplication of its hierarchical structure is not complete, and the fabrication of the micro nanofagup surface is facing a challenge. This paper uses butterfly wings as a biological template directly, and uses the solution gel and the biological template method to trap the typical butterfly. A bionic design and manufacture of the structure and function of the functional surface. A sample of the bionic trapping composite material which is adjustable to the structure of the butterfly is obtained. In the process of swelling, the reflectance of the spectrum is increased gradually and the property of the trap is weakened. The surface microstructure of the sample is adjusted and controlled. The surface microstructure of the sample is compared with the surface of the sample. The shape, distribution and size parameters show that the biomimetic manufacturing samples inherit the inverted structure of the surface of the biological sample, providing the necessary sample support for further research on the surface structure and optical coupling effect of the butterfly wings, and then the high performance optical devices can be designed.
The full text is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, which describes the major needs, the close relationship between the biological function and its surface structure, and the latest progress in the current bionic research. The new progress and the major challenges facing the biomimetic surface micro nano manufacturing are introduced. The second chapter is the two chapters. The butterfly scales and their optical properties were tested, the butterfly species with excellent trapping characteristics were screened and their optical properties were studied in detail, and the three-dimensional structure parameters of the butterfly scales were obtained. The third chapter was the calculation and Simulation of the trap function of butterfly scales. The optical model of the trapping structure is established by the structural analysis. From the angle of the relationship between the unique functional characteristics of the organism and its surface structure, the optical models are calculated and simulated by the theory of photonic crystal and diffraction grating. The optical model of the trap structure is analyzed, and the ultrastructure and light wave of the butterfly wing are reproduced. The simulation results of these optical models are obtained. The excellent trapping characteristics and their formation mechanism are determined by the comparison of the simulation and calculation results. The fourth chapter is made by the sol-gel method of the surface subsidence and the sol-gel process has been used to make the composite materials of the sunk energy surface, by applying external spines. The structure and function of the trapped light surface can be adjusted. The fifth chapter is made by bionic trapping function surface biomimetic template method, using tetraethyl orthosilicate as precursor and butterfly wing with the characteristic of trap function as template, through the sol-gel and selective etching process, the bionic design and manufacture of the light functional surface of butterfly wing are made by the sol-gel and selective etching process. The sixth chapter is the study of the performance of the sample made by the bionic trapping surface. The samples obtained by the sol-gel and the biological template method are made, and the microstructure and optical properties are analyzed in detail. The multi angle and multi means between the biometric and the manufacturing samples are made. Compared with the analysis, the high precision inheritance of bionic samples to the structure and function of biological samples is determined. The eighth chapter is the conclusion.
In this paper, the study of bionic trapping surface will provide new ideas for the study of new high efficiency trapping structure. If this kind of bionic trapping surface is applied to the design of light energy utilization, it is expected to reduce optical loss in the process of light energy utilization, and it is important to improve the efficiency of light energy utilization in solar cells. Engineering application value.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TB17;TB306

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