大型造纸企业水足迹评估与水资源管理研究

发布时间：2018-05-03 14:25

本文选题：水足迹 + 虚拟水　；参考：《南京林业大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：由于人口增长、城市化和工业化进程加快、经济快速发展以及气候变化等因素的影响，全球水资源供求矛盾日渐尖锐，水资源紧缺及污染问题已成为21世纪人类面对的重要危机之一。水资源短缺不仅会影响全球生态环境和人类社会的发展，也给企业的发展带来风险和危机。因此，企业加强水资源管理势在必行。水足迹是淡水资源占用的综合评价指标，不仅衡量生产和消费活动的直接消耗的水资源，还包括了供应链的用水消耗。目前，越来越多的企业认识到要实现水资源的高效管理，规避水风险，不仅要强化企业生产过程水资源管理还要注重供应链水资源管理。企业水足迹研究为企业有效应对水风险提供一种合理的新视角。水足迹是一种衡量人类消费活动对水资源占用及对环境影响的综合评价指标。水足迹研究有助于大众理解人类各种活动与淡水资源消耗之间的关系。根据水足迹网络（WFN）的定义，水足迹包括绿水、蓝水和灰水足迹三部分。水足迹有两种核算方法：链式求和法和阶段累积法。本论文采用链式求和法对研究的造纸企业水足迹进行核算。核算结果显示：涂布纸产品水足迹中运营蓝水足迹为4.87m3/t，也就是说每生产1t的涂布纸需要蓝水4.87m3，灰水足迹为18.09m3/t。此外，浆料和淀粉水足迹的核算结果显示，每生产一吨涂布纸产品需要投入的浆料的水足迹1325.0m3，淀粉水足迹为16.61m3，总水足迹为1357.97m3/t。采用极端顶点混料设计进行手抄片和涂料配方实验，探讨造纸及涂布原料与涂布纸水足迹间的关系。实验方案设计以及数据分析均采用Minitab16软件。手抄片实验数据表明，造纸原料种类及用量的变化不仅会影响手抄片的强度指标也会改变其水足迹的大小。手抄片水足迹随着NBKP和LBKP的混料比例的增加而增大的，而随GCC、淀粉和APMP用量的增多而减少。当NBKP、LBKP和APMP的比例分别在0.20-0.39、0.30-0.49、0.10-0.29间变化时，手抄片水足迹在2500.0-2800.0间波动。分析涂料的混料实验结果可知，涂料水足迹随着淀粉比例的增加而变大，随着GCC和Clay的用量增加而降低。当GCC、 Clay和淀粉的比例分别在0.66-0.82、0.10-0.26、0.08-0.24间变化时，涂料水足迹在200.0-500.0间波动。企业水足迹核算本身并不能全面和真实地衡量企业生产经营活动对水资源的消耗和对水环境的影响，还需结合水足迹可持续评估方法进行综合分析。本文采用GWT和Aqueduct’s Water Risk Atlas analysis对研究的造纸企业的供应链厂商所在区域水资源状况进行评估和分析。采用WFN公布的蓝水短缺和灰水污染指标分析研究对象的经营水足迹的可持续性。水资源评估工具分析结果显示：16个区域中只有4个处于水资源紧缺状况，其他基本没有明显的水资源压力。研究的造纸企业所在区域水资源总量丰富，基本无水资源匮乏的风险，同时其蓝水短缺程度小于20%，表明蓝水足迹未超过蓝水可获取量，河流流量未受到明显影响，环境生态流需求得到满足。同时，研究对象的灰水污染程度均小于33%，表明对水环境影响较小。总之，调研的造纸企业整体水资源状况良好，基本无水资源压力，，其经营过程的蓝和灰水足迹均具有可持续性。大部分供应链厂商位于水资源丰富地区，这些研究结果表明该造纸厂生产的纸制品的水足迹具有可持续性。为了有效应对水资源危机，规避水风险，造纸企业应该将水足迹概念引入水资源管理中。本论文根据IWRM的综合性的水资源管理措施及WWF和WBCSD提出的有关企业水资源管理方法总结了企业水资源管理工作中应遵循的方针和原则，提出企业水资源基本的管理策略。本文主要研究目的是为造纸企业水资源管理提供新的管理思路。本论文根据目前水足迹理论的研究方法对造纸企业水足迹进行核算和评估分析，对造纸原料对纸制品水足迹的影响进行了深入研究，同时参照IWRM的综合性的水资源管理措施提出企业水资源基本的管理策略。研究结果表明，调研的造纸企业水足迹具有可持续性，其供应链厂商环节的水资源整体上也具备了可持续发展条件；造纸原料水足迹尤其是浆料的水足迹是纸制品水足迹的主要组成部分。
[Abstract]:The water resources shortage not only affects the development of global ecological environment and human society , but also brings risks and crises to the development of the 21st century . Water resources shortage not only affects the global ecological environment and the development of human society , but also brings risks and crises to the development of enterprises .

Water footprint is a comprehensive evaluation index to measure the consumption of human consumption and its impact on water resources . Water footprint research helps the public to understand the relationship between human activities and freshwater resource consumption . According to the definition of WFN , the water footprint includes three parts of green water , blue water and gray water footprint . There are two accounting methods for water footprint : chain summation method and phase accumulation method .

The paper uses chain summation method to calculate the water footprint of paper - making enterprise . The results show that the water footprint of the paper is 4.87m3 / t , that is , it needs blue water 4.87m3 , the water footprint of the grey water is 18.09m3 / t . The experimental results show that the water footprint of the papermaking raw materials increases with the increase of the amount of GCC , starch and APMP . The results show that the water footprint of the paper is decreased with the increase of the proportion of GCC , starch and APMP . When the ratio of GCC , Clay and starch is 0.66 - 0.82 , 0.10 - 0.26 and 0.08 - 0.24 , the water footprint of the coating is fluctuating between 200.0 - 500.0 .

The paper analyses the water resources situation of the supply chain manufacturers in the paper - making enterprises . The results show that only 4 of the 16 regions are in the state of shortage of water resources , but the water shortage is less than 20 % . The results show that the water resources of the paper - making enterprises are not more than 33 % , and the blue and grey water footprints of the research objects are sustainable . Most of the supply chain manufacturers are located in the water - rich region .

According to IWRM ' s comprehensive water resources management measures , WWF and WBCSD , this paper summarizes the guidelines and principles that should be followed in the management of water resources of enterprises , and puts forward the basic management strategies of water resources management in enterprises .

According to the present research method of water footprint theory , the paper studies the water footprint of paper making enterprises , studies the influence of paper making raw materials on the water footprint of paper products , and puts forward the basic management strategies of water resources of enterprises by referring to the comprehensive water resources management measures of IWRM . The results show that the water footprint of the paper making enterprises is sustainable , and the water resources of the supply chain manufacturers have sustainable development conditions as a whole .
The water footprint of papermaking raw materials , especially the water footprint of the pulp , is the main component of the water footprint of paper products .

【学位授予单位】：南京林业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TS78

【参考文献】