室内人员疏散的元胞自动机模拟研究

发布时间：2018-03-08 01:33

本文选题：元胞自动机　切入点：行人流　出处：《广西师范大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：随着社会和经济的持续发展、城市化进程持续加快以及人口迅速增长,城市不断涌现影剧院、购物中心、会展中心等人员密集的公共场所。同时,城市遭受灾害和重大突发性事件的威胁也越来越严重,近年来地震、火灾、踩踏等事故频繁发生,造成大量人员伤亡在紧急事件发生时,如何进行科学、有效的人员疏散是一个亟待解决的问题,已经成为公共安全和消防安全工程领域研究的热点和重点。因此,研究人员疏散过程中个体微观行为特征、整体宏观行为特征和疏散现象的生成机制具有重要的实际意义。人员疏散是一个极其复杂的非线性物理问题,对行人运动特征、疏散现象的生成机制以及疏散相关问题的研究已经形成了行人流动力学相关理论,并建立了各种各样的行人流仿真模型。其中,元胞自动机模型被广泛应用于行人流和人员疏散的模拟研究,因为元胞自动机是一个时间、空间和状态变量都离散的数学模型,可以省去求解微分方程而直接通过制定规则来模拟非线性物理现象,具有较强的模拟各种物理系统和自然现象的能力。本文在现有的行人流元胞自动机模型基础上,考虑行人实际的行为特征和典型公共场所的建筑结构特点,合理调整行人运动规则,建立新的人员疏散元胞自动机模型。计算机模拟研究了在不同情景下人员疏散过程,分析了各种因素对人员疏散时间的影响,并探讨了疏散动力学行为的生成机制。本文的主要工作如下： 1.考虑教室内桌椅对人员运动速度的影响,建立了存在座位区域和过道区域的人员疏散元胞自动机模型。分析了人员密度、不同出口位置及课桌布局对人员疏散时间的影响。数值模拟结果表明,在座位区域人员密度越大,对疏散的影响越明显,增加了疏散时间；当出口设在侧面时,出口不应正对课桌和座位,紧靠两侧墙应有纵向过道,尤其紧靠出口墙壁侧留有纵向过道对疏散有利；纵向过道的数目和宽度对疏散都有影响,设计布局时,应使人员能较快离开座位区域,而在出口又不形成致密拥堵,以达到最优疏散效率。 2.大型影剧院内光线不良,或者停电、火灾等紧急事件发生时,导致行人视线受影响。该情况下的疏散过程与正常疏散情况不同,会呈现不一样的疏散流动力学特征。为了研究行人视线受影响的疏散过程,在先前建立的人员疏散模型的基础上,提出一种改进的元胞自动机疏散模型。在模型中,疏散空间根据不同的行人视野半径可划分为可见出口区域和盲目区域；行人在不同区域移动行为不同,包括行人向出口移动、行人定向移动、沿墙移动和变化运动方向等行为。采用该模型对影院内的人员疏散过程进行模拟研究,并讨论了不同可见出口区域半径对疏散过程的影响。数值模拟结果表明,可见出口区域半径是影响人员疏散的关键因素；盲目区域内行人选择运动方向并移动的盲目性和随意性延误了总体疏散时间。最后研究盲区过道上安装疏散指示标志的疏散情况,并与前面的疏散情况进行比较。结果表明,过道上安装疏散指示标志对整个疏散过程十分有利。 3.为了更细致地描述人员疏散过程中的行人运动行为,考虑了行人可具有多个运动方向和多种运动速度的情况,借鉴了多网格模型的思想,将行人占据的空间划分为多个小网格,构建了一种新的多网格模型。模拟研究房间内人员疏散过程,得到了传统单网格模型无法描述人员疏散动力学行为：①行人在单个时间步的运动距离与行人的尺寸不匹配；②行人在出口处于杂乱排列状态；③出口被单个行人独占,较好描述了出口对流量的限制效应。分析了行人数目和出口宽度对疏散时间的影响,并与单网格模型的情况进行比较。数值模拟结果对紧急情况下的人员疏散具有一定的指导意义。最后,对全文的工作进行了总结和概括,并指出一些有待研究的问题,对今后行人疏散流的研究方向进行了展望。
[Abstract]:With the continuous development of society and economy, city urbanization continues to accelerate and the rapid population growth, emerging city theaters, shopping malls, crowded public places of exhibition center. At the same time, city disasters and major emergencies are more serious threats in recent years, earthquake, fire, stampede and other accidents occur frequently that caused heavy casualties in the event of an emergency, how to carry out scientific and effective evacuation is an urgent problem, has become a hot spot in the research of public security and fire safety engineering and key. Therefore, in the process of evacuation of individual micro behavior of researchers, has important practical significance to overall macroeconomic behavior the formation mechanism and evacuation phenomenon.
The evacuation is a very complex nonlinear physical problems of pedestrian movement characteristics, study the formation mechanism of evacuation phenomena and related issues have formed the theories of the pedestrian flow mechanics, and the establishment of a variety of pedestrian flow simulation model. The cellular automaton model has been widely used in the simulation of pedestrian flow and personnel the evacuation, because cellular automaton is a mathematical model of space and time, the state variables are discrete, can avoid solving differential equations directly through the development of rules to simulate the nonlinear physical phenomenon, has the ability to simulate various physical systems and strong natural phenomena.
Based on the existing pedestrian flow based on cellular automaton model, the architecture characteristics considering the practical behavior characteristics of pedestrian and typical public places, reasonable adjustment of pedestrian movement rules, the establishment of a new evacuation cellular automaton model. Computer simulation of evacuation process in different situation, analyzes the influence of various factors on the staff the evacuation time, and to explore the mechanism of evacuation dynamics.
The main work of this article is as follows:
1. consider the impact of classroom desks and chairs on the staff of the speed of movement, established the seat area and aisle regional evacuation cellular automaton model. Analysis of the personnel density, the influence of different exit positions and desk layout on evacuation time. The numerical simulation results show that the seat area personnel density is, the more obvious for evacuation influence of the evacuation time increase; when the outlet is arranged on the side surface, the export should not be on the desks and seats, on both sides of the wall should be close to the aisle, especially close to the outlet side of the wall. The aisles have favorable for the evacuation; the number and width of aisle have influence on the evacuation design layout, should make the personnel can quickly leave the seat in the region, and exports to form a dense congestion, in order to achieve optimal evacuation efficiency.
2. large theaters in poor light, or power, fire and other emergency incidents, resulting in pedestrian sight is affected. The evacuation process in this case is different from the normal evacuation, evacuation dynamics will present different features. In order to study pedestrian Los affected the evacuation process, based on the previously established evacuation model staff, this paper proposes an improved cellular automaton model. In the model, the evacuation space can be divided into exit visible area and blind area according to the pedestrian sight radius; pedestrians in different areas of mobile behavior, including pedestrians moved to the exit, pedestrian oriented mobile, moving along the wall and the change of movement direction and so on using the model of theater personnel. In the evacuation process simulation, and discuss the influence of exit visible area on the evacuation process. Numerical simulation results show that the, Exit visible area is the key factor in evacuation; pedestrian in blind area select the direction of movement and move blindly and randomly delayed the overall evacuation time. Finally the study blind aisle installed evacuation evacuation signs, and contrasted it with the previous evacuation. The results show that the aisles with evacuation signs very good for the evacuation process.
3. for pedestrian dynamics more detailed description of the evacuation process, the pedestrian can have multiple motion direction and velocity variety of situation, from the idea of multi grid model, divide the occupied space of a pedestrian into many small grids, constructed a new multi grid model of personnel evacuation process. Simulation of the room, the traditional single grid model to describe the dynamic behavior of pedestrian evacuation in a single time step movement distance and pedestrian size does not match; the pedestrians in the exit are out of alignment; the outlet is a single pedestrian exclusive, better to describe the effect of exit restrictions on the flow of pedestrians. The number and exit width on the time of evacuation, and compared with single grid model. The results of numerical simulation of evacuation in case of emergency personnel has certain guiding meaning Righteousness.
Finally, the work of the full text is summarized and summarized, and some problems to be studied are pointed out, and the research direction of the pedestrian evacuation flow in the future is prospected.

【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：N945.12;O415

【参考文献】