儿童关怀—德国博物馆设计

发布时间：2019-05-14 08:08

【摘要】：“博物馆与青少年”,是国际博物馆协会为2006年“国际博物馆日”选定的主题。博物馆须要认真看待儿童观众,并且对其发挥重要的教育作用,在认识上早已达成共识。十九世纪末,以人为本位的教育思想兴起,博物馆以大量的资源优势成为教育的重要场所。同时期,儿童心理和教育理论发展迅猛,儿童教育受到重视,儿童经常在教育机构或父母的引导下前往博物馆。发展至今,儿童已经是博物馆无法忽视的观众群,无论是学校组织或家庭参观,逐渐成为了博物馆参观者的大宗。作为拥有诸多科学贡献的老牌发达国家,德国的教育体制比较成熟和完善,特别重视儿童的基础教育,而博物馆为儿童教育也发挥了不可忽视的重要作用。德国博物馆或者与学校密切合作,让博物馆的展览内容跨越展厅的局限,进入学校教学课程的各种学科领域之中;或举办多元活泼的推广教育活动,让儿童观众不止驻足于展厅中,可以从运用多种感官的活动中,充分学习;还设计了适合儿童全身、全心投入的互动式展览,以激发兴趣,并培养多元智能。不同博物馆对儿童关怀有不同的侧重,主要可以分为自然科普类、文化艺术类和专题历史类三类博物馆。基于理论研究和实际调查,自儿童在博物馆中的教育、心理、生理三方面需求出发,对三类博物馆的成熟案例分别进行分析,重点研究博物馆中儿童关怀的相关空间组织和设计、尺度、材料、色彩等。从而归纳和总结博物馆儿童关怀通用设计原则和设计方法,并根据不同类博物馆的优势特点,进一步提出对应的原则及方法。当代博物馆的重心,早已转移到教育与服务。然而,我国博物馆具体工作实践中依然存在着诸多问题。大多数博物馆虽然已经有意识对儿童进行关怀,但是经验较少,观念相对陈旧,无论是活动形式,或是展示方式,还是空间形式,皆不见得适合儿童。在社会进步发展、家庭休闲方式改变、学校教育益趋活泼多元、新时代儿童对于信息的获取又有全新需求的情况下,如何让博物馆的环境、展览与活动,重适合儿童的特殊需求,使儿童享受博物馆体验,已成为博物馆需要认真对待的问题。望本文能为我国博物馆进行儿童关怀设计和相关博物馆规范的编撰提供有一定价值的参考。
[Abstract]:Museums and teenagers is the theme selected by the International Museum Association for International Museum Day 2006. Museums must take children's audiences seriously and play an important educational role, and have already reached a consensus on understanding. At the end of the 19th century, the people-oriented educational thought rose, and the museum became an important place of education with the advantage of a large number of resources. At the same time, children's psychology and educational theory developed rapidly, children's education was paid attention to, and children often went to museums under the guidance of educational institutions or parents. Up to now, children have become an audience that can not be ignored by museums, whether school organizations or family visits, has gradually become a large number of museum visitors. As an established developed country with many scientific contributions, Germany's education system is relatively mature and perfect, paying special attention to children's basic education, and museums also play an important role in children's education. The German museum or cooperate closely with the school, let the exhibition content of the museum cross the limitation of the exhibition hall, enter the various subject fields of the school teaching curriculum; Or hold a variety of lively promotion and education activities, so that the child audience not only stop in the exhibition hall, can fully learn from the use of a variety of sensory activities; Interactive exhibitions suitable for children are also designed to stimulate interest and cultivate multiple intelligences. Different museums have different emphasis on children's care, which can be divided into three categories: natural science popularization, culture and art and thematic history. Based on theoretical research and practical investigation, starting from the educational, psychological and physiological needs of children in museums, this paper analyzes the mature cases of the three types of museums. Focus on the museum child care related spatial organization and design, scale, materials, color and so on. Thus, the general design principles and design methods of museum children's care are summarized and summarized, and the corresponding principles and methods are further put forward according to the advantages and characteristics of different types of museums. The focus of contemporary museums has long shifted to education and service. However, there are still many problems in the concrete work practice of museums in our country. Although most museums already consciously care for children, but the experience is less, the concept is relatively old, whether in the form of activities, or display, or spatial form, is not necessarily suitable for children. With the development of society, the change of family leisure mode, the lively and pluralistic school education, and the new demand for information access of children in the new era, how to make the museum environment, exhibitions and activities? It has become a serious problem for museums to pay attention to the special needs of children and make them enjoy museum experience. It is hoped that this paper can provide a valuable reference for the design of children's care and the compilation of related museum norms in museums in China.
【学位授予单位】：西安建筑科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：TU242.5

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