个体语言技能资本投资研究

发布时间：2018-01-15 13:13

本文关键词：个体语言技能资本投资研究　出处：《山东大学》2012年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：人类的交流和社会经济活动离不开语言,基本上每个人都至少熟练掌握一种语言。语言经济学家从理论和实证的角度论证了语言技能的人力资本属性,认为语言技能资本投资是一种重要的人力资本投资形式。随着全球化进程的加速发展,不同国家、不同民族之间的经济交往和教育文化交流日益频繁和不断深入,个体所面临的语言环境越来越多元化,经济社会活动对人们所掌握的语言技能的要求也越来越高。在这一时代背景下,为更好地适应国际化发展带来的机遇和挑战,在工作和人际交往中更具竞争力,各国民众都在努力学习和掌握母语以外的其他语言。面对越来越复杂而多元的语言教育,在时间、货币等资源约束下个体该如何进行语言技能资本投资决策以实现效用最大化?理性的个体如何进行外语投资决策,学习哪种外语,学习一种还是几种外语,进行语言选择和投资决策时受哪些因素的影响,对这些问题的探讨变得日益普遍而现实。与此同时,各国政府对本国的语言教育也日渐重视,一方面是加强本国的外语教育,提升本国居民的外语技能以在国际竞争中占据更大优势,另一方又在积极向外推广本国语言,提升本国语言的影响力和国际地位。无论是对内的外语教育,还是对外的语言国际推广,其政策目标的实现归根结底依赖于对个体语言技能资本投资决策的影响和改变。那么政府到底能对个体的语言技能资本投资决策产生什么影响,是如何影响的?在对微观个体的行为决策进行系统分析的基础上,引入政府变量,探讨政府影响个体语言技能资本投资的措施和影响机制,显然对我们深入研究个体语言技能资本投资行为和政府语言规划和语言政策的制定具有重要意义。为此,本文在国内外已有研究的基础上,借助主流经济的理论和方法,以语言经济学和人力资本投资理论为基础,从语言技能资本投资的特殊性入手,以成本—收益分析为主线,以语言教育市场和劳动力市场为进行供求分析的起点,对个体语言技能资本投资进行较为系统全面而深入的研究,以期对个体的语言技能资本投资决策提供理论指导和解释,完善语言经济学关于个体语言行为的基本理论,为我国的外语教育和汉语国际推广提供学理支持。本文试图回答三大问题：(1)语言技能资本投资的基本原理是什么,如何构建语言技能资本投资的基本分析框架?(2)如何建立语言技能资本投资的成本—收益分析模型,在无政府影响和有政府影响两种情况下,个体如何进行语言技能资本投资决策,其投资决策受哪些因素的影响?(3)年龄、母语、国籍以及父母的收入等个体的微观特征对其语言技能资本投资行为是否有影响,有哪些影响? 围绕上述三个问题,全文共分7章,第1章是导论,第2章是语言技能资本投资的基本原理,第3、4章是分析无政府影响下,基于语言技能资本投资不同收益形式建立两条分析路径,分析个体语言技能资本投资决策以及主要影响因素,第5章加入政府变量,以孔子学院为例分析政府对个体语言技能资本投资的影响,第6章以母语非汉语者学习汉语为例,采用问卷调查的形式,实证分析年龄、国籍以及家庭背景等个体微观特征对语言选择和学习行为的影响,第7章是回顾与总结。具体安排如下：第1章为导论。主要介绍问题的缘起、现有研究成果、论文研究思路与框架。第2章为个体语言技能资本投资的基本原理。本章从语言本身的经济属性和语言技能资本投资的特殊性两个角度阐释个体语言技能资本投资的基本原理,并在此基础上介绍语言技能资本投资研究的主要要素及其相互关系,是本文分析的前提和基础。文章首先,从功能属性、产品属性和价值属性三个维度阐释了语言的经济属性。其次,深入剖析了语言技能资本及其投资的特殊性,提出语言技能资本投资的收益特性和外部性特性,并分析这种特性对个体语言投资的影响。最后,以成本—收益为主线构建了个体语言技能资本投资研究的主要分析要素图,列举影响个体语言技能资本投资的主要因素及其相互关系。第3章为基于经济收益的个体语言技能资本投资分析。本章分析无政府影响下,以获取经济收益为目的的个体语言技能资本投资,建立个体语言技能资本投资的成本—收益模型和包含人力资本的消费者效用函数,分析理性个体如何将时间和产品在工作、语言技能资本投资和消费之间进行分配以及市场变量变动对个体投资决策的影响等问题。提出三个观点：(1)投资回报率是个体决定是否进行语言技能资本投资以及投资多少的重要决策因素,其主要由语言技能资本存量、语言教育产品价格、语言技能人才的工资率等因素决定。(2)语言技能资本投资通过影响个体的财富约束间接影响个体效用,消费者效用最大化时满足用于语言技能资本生产的时间和用于家庭生产的时间的边际产品价值相等。(3)劳动力市场是个体语言技能资本投资收益得以实现的社会中介,语言技能资本投资受劳动力市场的“需求约束”的影响；语言教育产品是个体购买生产语言技能资本投入要素的场所,语言技能资本投资受语言教育产品市场中产品“获取难度”的影响。第4章为基于交际收益的个体语言技能资本投资分析。本章分析无政府影响时,以获得交际收益为目的个体语言技能资本投资。交际收益是语言技能资本投资区别于其它人力资本投资的重要特性,从该视角进行分析为我们研究语言经济学提供了一种新的路径。本章梳理了多种语言、多个社区和两种语言、两个社区两种情况下个体语言技能资本投资博弈模型,得到一些重要启示。在评述现有理论基础上,建立了三种语言、三个社区情形下个体的语言技能资本投资决策模型。分析得出,与基于经济收益的投资决策不同,在交际收益视角下,个体是否学习一种语言主要由他国语言的使用者数量、他国居民学习本国语言的人口数量和代表性个体学习他国语言的成本等因素决定。第5章为政府影响下的个体语言技能资本投资分析。本章引入政府变量,探讨了政府对个体语言技能资本投资采取的主要措施以及产生的主要影响,特别以孔子学院为例进行分析,从学理层面解释了孔子学院对个体投资汉语的影响及影响机制。从经济收益视角看,排除以强制手段干预个体语言技能资本投资决策的情况,政府主要通过影响语言教育产品市场的供求和劳动力市场上对掌握某种语言技能资本的劳动者的供求等因素来影响和改变个体的语言技能资本投资决策。从交际收益视角看,政府的目的是提高本国居民的交际收益,政府可以通过给本国居民提供外语学习补贴或向他国居民提供学习本国语言补贴的方式来实现。在一定的预算约束下,为实现国家效用最大化,政府应该选择最优的本国居民学习外语的人口数量比例和使他国居民学习本国语言的人口数量比例的组合,使得二者的边际效用之比等于本国居民全部学习外语的成本和他国居民全部学习本国语言的成本之比。同时,文章从孔了学院在国际汉语教育市场的定位和作用以及对个体投资汉语的成本与收益的影响两方面,阐释了孔子学院建设不仅满足了国际社会对汉语的需求,而且创造了更大需求。第6章为母语非汉语者汉语学习行为的实证分析。本章以母语非汉语的汉语学习者为对象开展问卷调查,分析人们习一种语言的主要原因和目的,以及个体的微观特征对语言选择行为的影响,是对本文前面关于个体语言技能资本投资理论分析的呼应和补充。调查结果显示,为获得经济收益和个人兴趣是当前母语非汉语者学习汉语的主要的动因和目的,同时个体学习汉语的原因和目的受到国籍、母语等因素的影响。文章提出关于加快汉语走向世界的四点启示和建议：(1)获得经济收益是当前母语非汉语者学习汉语的主要目的,加快我国经济发展,在世界国际劳动力市场中创造更多与汉语技能相关的就业岗位,是“汉语热”持续升温的根本推动力；(2)对汉语和中华文化的喜爱和兴趣是当前母语非汉语者学习汉语的重要原因,加强中华文化建设和国际传播,增强中华文化在世界上的影响力和感召力,既是汉语加快走向世界的重要目标,同时也是重要途径；(3)学习成本是影响个体学习汉语的重要因素,但目前母语非汉语者对学习汉语“成本低”的认同比较低,通过降低学习者学习成本的方式来吸引个体学习汉语是推动汉语国际传播的重要途径；(4)母语非汉语者学习汉语的原因和目的存在显著的国别差异、母语差异,同时受到年龄、是否华裔等其他个体特征和家庭特征的影响。因此,为更好地满足和适应汉语学习者的需求,应加大汉语教学和汉语国际推广的国别研究、群体研究,针对不同学习者的特征采取针对性的策略。第7章为回顾与总结。对本文的主要观点、结论、创新与不足进行总结,提出后续研究方向。本文对个体的语言技能资本投资进行了开创性的系统研究,是语言经济学深入分析个体语言学习行为的一项基础性研究成果,为国家的语言规划和语言国际推广提供了微观基础。本文在经济社会对个体的语言技能要求越来越高,个体面临的语言技能资本投资选择问题日益复杂而重要的全球化背景下,基于语言技能资本投资的经济收益和交际收益建立个体投资的两条分析路径,使得对个体语言技能资本投资行为的分析既清晰又有针对性,这在国内外尚属首次,具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。文章一方面以劳动力市场和语言教育产品市场为基础分析市场变化和政府对个体语言技能资本投资决策的影响,另一方面又通过实证分析探讨个体微观特征对个体语言学学习行为的影响,具有较大的创新性和学术延展性。
[Abstract]:Human communication and social economic activities cannot do without language, basically everyone master at least one language. The language of economists to demonstrate the human capital attribute of language skills from theoretical and empirical perspective, that language skills of capital investment is an important form of human capital investment. With the accelerated development of globalization. Different countries, different nationalities and economic interaction between education and cultural exchanges have become increasingly frequent and in-depth, facing the individual language environment is more and more diversified, economic and social activities have on people's language skills are increasingly high requirements. Under this background, in order to better adapt to the international development opportunities and the challenge, more competitive in work and interpersonal communication, all the people in other languages to learn and master foreign language. In the face of increasingly complex and multi element Language education, in time, money and other resource constraints to the individual language skills in capital investment decisions in order to achieve maximum utility? How to carry out rational individual foreign investment decision, what kind of foreign language learning, learning one or several foreign languages, linguistic choice and investment decision-making factors which influence the discussion of these the problem becomes more and more universal and practical.
At the same time, the governments of the national language education also attaches great importance to foreign language education, one is to strengthen the country's residents to enhance their language skills to occupy a greater advantage in the international competition, the other party has actively to promote the national language, improve their language influence and international status. Both in foreign language education the foreign language or international promotion, to achieve its policy goals after all depend on the influence on the individual skills of capital investment decision and change. So in the end what the government can have an impact on individual capital investment decision is how to affect the language skills? Based on individual behavior decision. The government of the government measures affecting the individual variables, language skills and influence mechanism of capital investment, obviously to the study of language skills of individual capital investment Capital behavior and government language planning and language policy formulation are of great significance.
Therefore, based on the domestic and foreign research on the theories and methods of mainstream economics, the economics of language and the human capital investment theory, starting from the particularity of language skills for capital investment, on the cost-benefit analysis as the main line, with the language education market and labor market as the starting point for the analysis of supply and demand, a comprehensive and in-depth research on individual language skills more capital investment system, in order to provide theoretical guidance and explanation of individual capital investment decision skills, improve the basic theory about the language behavior of individual language economics, provide theoretical support for China's foreign language education and the international promotion of Chinese.
This paper attempts to answer three questions: (1) what is the basic principle of language skills for capital investment, the basic analysis framework of how to construct the language skills of capital investment? (2) how to establish the language skills of the cost of capital investment benefit analysis model, in the absence of government influence and government effect of two kinds of circumstances, how to carry out the individual language skills of capital investment decision, investment decisions are affected by what factors? (3) age, mother tongue, the microscopic characteristics of nationality and the income of the parents, whether individual have influence on their language skills, capital investment behavior, what is the impact?
On the above three issues, this thesis consists of 7 chapters, the first chapter is the introduction, the second chapter is the basic principle of language skills for capital investment, chapter 3,4 is the analysis of the government under the influence of the establishment of the two language skills path analysis of capital investment returns based on the analysis of individual factors of language skills as well as the effects of the capital investment decision, the fifth chapter into government variables, by Confucius College as an example of government influence on the individual skills of capital investment, the sixth chapter to non-native Chinese learners of Chinese as an example, in the form of a questionnaire, empirical analysis, age, nationality, family background and other characteristics of the individual affects the choice of language and learning behavior, the seventh chapter it is reviewed and summarized as follows:
The first chapter is the introduction. It mainly introduces the origin of the problem, the existing research results, the research ideas and the framework of the paper.
The second chapter is the basic principle of individual language skills in capital investment. This chapter from the two aspects of language itself special economic attribute and language skills explain individual language skills capital investment capital investment principle, mainly introduces the research elements of capital investment skills of language and on the basis of their mutual relations, is the premise and foundation of the analysis. Firstly, from the functional attributes, product attributes and attribute value of the three dimensions to explain the economic attribute of language. Secondly, analyzes the particularity of language skills and capital investment, the income characteristics and external characteristics of language skills for capital investment, and to analyze the impact of the characteristics of the individual language investment. Finally as the main line, on the cost-benefit analysis of construction of the main elements of the language skills of individual capital investment, cited the impact of capital investment and individual language skills Factors and their relationships.
The third chapter is the analysis of individual language skills based on capital investment income. This chapter analyzes the influence of government investment, individual language skills for the purpose of capital to obtain economic benefits, the cost income model including human capital and consumer utility function to establish individual language skills for capital investment, analysis of rational individuals to take time and the product in the work between the language skills of capital investment and consumption distribution and market variables changes on individual investment decisions. Put forward three points of view: (1) the rate of return on investment is an important factor to decide whether the individual decision language skills of capital investment and the number of investment, which is mainly composed of language skills, capital stock, language education product prices, determinants of language skills talent wage rate. (2) language skills affect the wealth constraint of individual capital investment through the indirect effects of a The utility body, the utility maximization is satisfied for language skills capital production time and production time for families to the marginal product value equal. (3) the labor market is a social intermediary individual language skill capital realized investment income, capital investment by the language skills of the labor market demand the influence of language education; the product is buying individual elements of the production of language skills of capital input places, affected by the "language education market difficult to obtain" language skills of capital investment.
The fourth chapter is the analysis of individual language skills communication based on capital investment income. The effect of this chapter, in order to obtain benefits for the purpose of communication. Communicative language skills of individual capital investment income is an important characteristic of language skills is different from other capital investment in human capital investment, analysis provides a new path for us to study the language from the perspective of economics. This chapter reviews the multiple languages, multiple communities and two kinds of language, language skills game model of individual capital investment in two communities in two case, get some important enlightenment. In the review of the existing theory on the basis of establishing the three languages, language skills, capital investment decision model of individual three community. Case analysis, different economic income and investment decision based on the communication from the perspective of individual income, whether learning a language mainly by the language user number The amount of the population of his native language is determined by the number of the population of the native language and the cost of the representative individual to learn the language of his language.
The fifth chapter is the analysis of individual language skills under the influence of government capital investment. This chapter mainly discusses the introduction of government variables, main measures taken by the government to the individual language skills as well as the emergence of capital investment, especially in the Confucius Institute as an example, from the theoretical level to explain the mechanism of the influence of individual Chinese investment and influence of Confucius college. From the economic benefit perspective, exclude the intervention of individual language skills capital investment decision to force the means of government, mainly through the impact of product market and the labor market supply and demand of language education to master a language skills workers of the capital supply and demand and other factors to influence and change the individual investment decisions. From the communicative language skills of capital gains from the perspective of the government, the purpose is to improve the resident communication income, the government can give local residents to provide subsidies to him or foreign language learning Chinese residents to provide subsidies to the study of a foreign language. In the implementation of budget constraints, to achieve national utility maximization, the government should choose the optimal proportion of the population of the residents of the country and make the combination of learning a foreign language of his country residents to learn their language population proportion, the ratio is equal to all residents of the country than to learn a foreign language he's cost and all residents of the study of a foreign language as the cost of the marginal utility of the two. At the same time, this article from the two hole located in the College of international Chinese education market and the role and influence of the cost and income of individual Chinese investment, explains Confucius College of construction not only meet the global demand for Chinese. It creates a greater demand.
The sixth chapter is the empirical analysis of Chinese learning behavior of native Chinese. In this chapter the non-native Chinese learners as the survey object, analysis the main reason people learning a language and purpose, and the micro characteristics of the individual influence on language choice behavior, is of the above analysis on the individual skills of capital the investment theory of echo and complement. The survey results show that in order to obtain economic benefits and personal interest is the main motivation and purpose of the non Chinese speakers learning Chinese language at present, at the same time, the reason and purpose of individual learning Chinese by nationality, language and other factors. The paper put forward four Enlightenments and suggestions on accelerating the Chinese to the world. (1) to obtain economic benefits is the main purpose of non Chinese learners of Chinese language at present, speeding up China's economic development, and create more in the international labor market in the world Chinese skills related jobs, "is the fundamental driving force of Chinese fever"; (2) to the Chinese language and culture and love interest is the main cause of the non Chinese speakers learning Chinese language at present, strengthen the construction of culture and international communication, enhance the influence of Chinese culture in the world and charisma, is Chinese to speed up the important goal of the world at the same time, it is also an important way; (3) the cost of learning is an important factor affecting Chinese individual learning, but the native Chinese to learn Chinese "low cost" identity is relatively low, by reducing the cost of learning the way to attract individuals to learn Chinese is an important way to promote Chinese international communication the Chinese learners; (4) the reason and purpose of Chinese country differences exist, significant differences at the same time by non-native speakers, age, whether the Chinese and other individual characteristics and Therefore, in order to better meet and adapt to the needs of Chinese learners, we should increase the national research and group research of Chinese teaching and Chinese international promotion, and take targeted strategies according to the characteristics of different learners.
The seventh chapter is a review and summary. The main points of this article, the conclusion, the innovation and the shortage are summarized, and the direction of the follow-up research is put forward.
The language skills of individual capital investment is the first systematic study, in-depth analysis of the economics of language is a fundamental research achievement of individual language learning behavior, provides a micro basis for the national language planning and language international promotion. Based on the individual's language skills of economic and social requirements more and more high, the language skills of capital the investment choice of globalization is becoming increasingly complex and important individual faces, two path analysis of language skills in capital investment income and investment income to build individual communication based on the

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H0-05;F830.59

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