南宋货币与战争

发布时间：2018-04-14 22:33

本文选题：南宋 + 货币　；参考：《河北大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：南宋是中国历史上第一个以纸币为主要货币的朝代，究其原因，，很大程度上是战争压力所致。南宋朝廷建立于金人的铁蹄与锋镝之余，甫一建立就处于风雨飘摇之中。一边是战火之后的残破经济，一边是大规模战争带来的巨大的军费，南宋政府的财政压力之大可想而知。南宋政府军费开支巨大，与南宋募兵制度有着极大关系。中国汉代及汉以前大体实行役兵制，役兵制的最大好处就在无战事之时百姓的赋役负担较轻。初唐主要实行府兵制，大体保留其特点。中唐以来逐渐推行的募兵制，到宋代得以最终确立下来。募兵制与府兵制间的一个最大的不同就是在府兵制下，士卒的衣粮、装备除少部分由封建国家提供外，其余大部分是由士卒及其家人自己承担。而在募兵制的情况则完全相反，士卒包括粮食在内的一切费用开支均由国家负担。不仅士卒自身如此，就连其家人的生活也通过士卒的军饷而间接地取之于封建国家。在金与蒙古的压力下，南宋常年保持养兵数十万，如果算上军人家属，南宋财政供养人数超过百万，再加上不断的战争开支，南宋财政压力之大是可想而知的。与南宋军费开支巨大形成鲜明对比的是南宋的经济残破。南宋不但失去了两淮以北约占三分之一经济比较发达的国土，而且国土多次经残酷的战争蹂躏，尤其在中后期，情况更为严重。在这样大的压力之下，南宋政府不得不把发行纸币当作了解决财政赤字的重要手段，极力的发行纸币，延长每届纸币流通期限，对当时的货币发行与流通产生了极大的影响。在初期，南宋朝廷对于纸币发行还算谨慎，但是在进行频繁的战争、需要大量的常备军的情况下，南宋财政日益恶化，因此，发行大量的纸币。纸币的流通期限扩大，发行量猛增，引起了纸币的贬值，纸币贬值导致物价上涨。物价上涨对政府在市场上购买军需品的行为有很不利的影响，南宋朝廷要解决这些问题又发行大量的纸币。这就是不可解决的一种恶循环。战争的频仍，使得南宋纸币发行陷入了一种“恶性循环”的状态。为了筹集战争物质，以应战争之需，政府便向百姓增加赋税，同时，政府大量发行纸币，物价飞升，使得百姓生活更加雪上加霜。
[Abstract]:The Southern Song Dynasty was the first dynasty to use paper money as the main currency in the history of China.The Southern Song Dynasty court was established in the Jin people's iron hoofs and dysprosium, the establishment of Fu was in the wind and rain.On the one hand, the crippled economy after the war, on the other hand, the huge military expenditure caused by the large-scale war, the financial pressure of the Southern Song government can be imagined.The military expenditure of the Southern Song Dynasty was huge and had a great relationship with the recruitment system of the Southern Song Dynasty.In the Han Dynasty and before the Han Dynasty, the great advantage of the military service system was that the people had a lighter burden of duty when there was no war.In the early Tang Dynasty, the main practice of the military system, generally retain its characteristics.Since the mid-Tang Dynasty, gradually introduced the recruitment system, by the Song Dynasty was finally established.One of the biggest differences between the recruitment system and the Fufu system was that under the Fujian-style military system, the soldiers and their families were responsible for most of the equipment provided by the feudal state, except for a small part of the equipment provided by the feudal state.In the case of conscription, on the other hand, all expenses of soldiers, including food, are borne by the state.Not only did the soldiers themselves, but even their families were indirectly taken from the feudal state through the soldiers' pay.Under the pressure of Jin and Mongolia, the Southern Song Dynasty maintained hundreds of thousands of soldiers all year round. If the family members of the soldiers were counted, the number of financial support in the Southern Song Dynasty exceeded one million, and with the constant war expenses, the financial pressure of the Southern Song Dynasty could be imagined.In sharp contrast to the huge military expenditure of the Southern Song Dynasty, the economy of the Southern Song Dynasty was broken.The Southern Song Dynasty not only lost about 1/3 economically developed land to the north of Lianghuai River, but also had been brutally ravaged by war many times, especially in the middle and late period, the situation was even more serious.Under such great pressure, the Southern Song Dynasty government had to issue paper money as an important means to solve the fiscal deficit, tried its best to issue paper money, prolong the term of each currency circulation, and had a great impact on the currency issue and circulation at that time.In the early days, the Southern Song Dynasty was cautious about the issue of paper money, but in the case of frequent wars and the need for a large number of standing troops, the finance of the Southern Song Dynasty deteriorated day by day, so it issued a large number of paper money.The term of circulation of paper money expanded and the circulation soared, causing the devaluation of paper money, which led to the rise of prices.The rise in prices had a negative impact on the government's purchase of military supplies on the market, and the Southern Song Dynasty had to solve these problems and issue a large number of banknotes.This is an unsolvable vicious cycle.The frequency of war made the Southern Song Dynasty banknote issue into a vicious circle.In order to raise war materials to meet the needs of the war, the government increased taxes on the people, at the same time, the government issued a large number of paper money, prices skyrocketed, making people's lives worse.
【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K244;F822.9

【参考文献】