江苏通州涉农小额信贷研究

发布时间：2018-11-15 22:07

【摘要】：我国是一个农业大国,但是随着经济的发展,农业、农村、农民即“三农”,问题,以及城乡收入差距不断扩大的社会经济问题逐步凸显,并已成为影响我国经济转型与发展成败的关键所在。解决“三农”问题和城乡收入差距不断扩大这一社会经济问题的关键在于农业的发展：农业发展则农村生机兴旺,农业发展则农民增收致富。在当代社会经济条件下,任何产业的运行与发展都离不开金融的支持,农业也不例外。鉴于我国当下的金融环境和制度安排,金融对农业的支持主要表现为信用贷款的形式。当前,以农村商业银行为主、专业小额贷款公司为补充的涉农小额贷款,是促进农业进步和社会主义新农村建设的重要手段。但由于商业贷款的趋利性,加之农业产品的多样性、风险的复杂化,各大金融机构大多对涉农小额贷款采取回避的态度。涉农小额贷款大多投向了商品流通领域或者与农业生产相关联的服务业,而直接投向农业生产领域,最终沉淀到土地中的贷款则少之又少。涉农小额贷款的这一投放倾向或许能在短期内增加农户的收入、改善农户生活,但对农业取得长足发展并没有任何帮助。鉴于上述原因,必须通过政策法规引导涉农贷款的投向,以支持新型现代化农业的发展。当前商业银行不愿将贷款投放到农业项目中的主要原因是农村缺乏基本的社会信用体系,信贷风险不可控。因此,为了鼓励商业银行加大对农业项目的支持,必须建设农村社会信用体系。农村社会信用体系必须由政府出资,并牵头组织各大商业银行共同建设。这样才能实现农户资信信息在全部商业银行范围内流通,以降低商业银行的信贷风险,减少不良贷款率。近年来,通州出现了景瑞农业“公司+农户”形式的农业生产合作平台,此模式不仅有助于现代农业大生产的开展、有助于大幅提高农业生产力,增加了农户的收入,还增强了农户抵御市场风险的能力。这种模式下的农业生产应该是涉农小额贷款的主要扶持对象。“公司+农户”的现代化农业生产模式存在的唯一缺陷是难以抵御巨灾风险。巨灾风险指由洪水、地震、台风、冰雹、干旱、禽畜疫病等自然灾害及其他不可抗因素给一定区域范围内的农业造成巨大损失的风险。当巨灾来临,即便是景瑞“公司+农户”模式下的生产也会遭受巨额损失,涉农贷款就会成为银行的坏账。因此,通过设立巨灾保险、发行巨灾债券等一系列措施来完善巨灾保险体系,进而保障农户的利益是保障农村小额贷款稳健运作的重要匹配措施。此外,还必须创建现代农业风险管理基金,基金的来源应包括政府对农业的各种补贴,农业企业和农户缴纳的部分盈利,以这部分基金作为现代农业的最后补偿。
[Abstract]:China is a large agricultural country, but with the development of economy, agriculture, rural areas, farmers namely "three rural", problems, and the widening income gap between urban and rural social and economic problems are gradually highlighted. And has become the key to the success or failure of China's economic transformation and development. The key to solve the problem of "three rural areas" and the widening income gap between urban and rural areas lies in the development of agriculture: the development of agriculture will lead to the prosperity of rural life, while the development of agriculture will increase the income of farmers. Under the contemporary social and economic conditions, the operation and development of any industry can not be separated from the financial support, and agriculture is no exception. In view of the current financial environment and institutional arrangements, financial support for agriculture is mainly in the form of credit loans. At present, the rural commercial bank as the main, the specialized small loan company as the supplement, is the important means to promote the agricultural progress and the construction of the new socialist countryside. However, due to the profit trend of commercial loans, the diversity of agricultural products and the complication of risks, most of the major financial institutions take an evasive attitude towards agriculture-related micro-loans. Most of the small loans related to agriculture go to the field of commodity circulation or the service industry associated with agricultural production, but they are directly directed to the field of agricultural production, and the loans precipitated into the land are very few in the end. This propensity to invest in agricultural microfinance may increase farmers' incomes and improve their lives in the short term, but it will not help agriculture to make a substantial progress. In view of the above reasons, agricultural loans must be guided by policies and regulations to support the development of new modern agriculture. The main reason why commercial banks are unwilling to put loans into agricultural projects is the lack of basic social credit system and the uncontrollable credit risk in rural areas. Therefore, in order to encourage commercial banks to increase support for agricultural projects, rural social credit system must be built. Rural social credit system must be funded by the government and lead the construction of major commercial banks. In this way, the credit information of farmers can be circulated in all commercial banks, which can reduce the credit risk of commercial banks and reduce the ratio of non-performing loans. In recent years, the agricultural production cooperation platform in the form of "company farmers" of Jingrui agriculture has emerged in Tongzhou. This mode not only contributes to the development of modern agricultural production, but also helps to greatly improve agricultural productivity and increase the income of farmers. It also increases the ability of farmers to resist market risks. This mode of agricultural production should be the main object of support for agricultural small loans. The only defect of the modern agricultural production mode is that it is difficult to resist the catastrophe risk. Catastrophe risk refers to the risk that natural disasters, such as floods, earthquakes, typhoons, hailstones, droughts, livestock blight, and other irresistible factors will cause huge losses to agriculture in a certain region. When the catastrophe comes, even Jingrui "company farmer" mode of production will suffer huge losses, agricultural loans will become bad debts of banks. Therefore, a series of measures such as establishing catastrophe insurance and issuing catastrophe bonds to improve the catastrophe insurance system and to protect the interests of farmers are important matching measures to ensure the steady operation of rural small loans. In addition, modern agricultural risk management fund must be established. The source of the fund should include all kinds of government subsidies to agriculture, some profits paid by agricultural enterprises and farmers, and this part of fund should be regarded as the last compensation of modern agriculture.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：F832.43

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