“天降塔”辨析

发布时间：2018-05-30 13:38

本文选题：具阶梯塔 + 忉利天降下　；参考：《故宫博物院院刊》2014年01期

【摘要】：在成熟的藏传佛教善逝八塔建筑体系中,塔座部分设四层阶级、各面当中凸出并设阶梯的类型被称为"天降塔",阶梯被比拟为纪念佛在忉利天为母说法后降下阎浮提时所踏的三道宝阶。"天降塔"并非根据印度的某座塔所仿建,而是塔所体现的象征体系的重构。藏传佛教后弘期早期西藏西部流行四面具阶梯的塔,照此标准被认定为天降塔。在当时,这种塔与忉利天降下的佛传情节显然并没有直接的联系,因此现阶段把它们视作"具阶梯塔"更为确切。方形塔基的具阶梯塔最早见于犍陀罗,随着犍陀罗佛教文化的传播,也见于阗、龟兹、梵衍那和迦湿弥罗等地。西藏西部的地理位置与上述地方邻近,文化交流的结果之一就是涌现出具阶梯塔,这可以解释为何同时期在卫藏以及受藏传佛教强烈影响的西夏等地区很少看到这种塔的影子。根据文献可知,具阶梯塔的阶梯象征四圣谛或四不护,是塔的重要构件。天降塔最初形成之时,其建筑形制借鉴了包括西藏西部在内的内陆亚洲流行的具阶梯塔,而为了强化它与忉利天降下故事的呼应关系,阶梯改用并列的三道,这也可以看作具阶梯塔与真正意义上的天降塔的一个分水岭。
[Abstract]:In a mature system of eight pagodas of Tibetan Buddhism, there are four levels of classes in the tower. The types of steps that protrude from each side and set up steps are called the "heavenly tower", and the steps are compared to the three precious steps that the Buddha took when he lowered Yan Fu-ti after the Buddha had said that the Buddha had raised the sky to the mother. " The heavenly tower was not built from a tower in India, but a reconstitution of the symbolic system embodied in the tower. Tibetan Buddhism in the early period of Western Tibet popular four-mask staircase tower, according to this standard is regarded as the tower. At that time, there was no direct connection between these pagodas and the descending Buddha stories, so it is more accurate to regard them as "staircase towers" at this stage. The square tower with steps was first found in Gandhara. Along with the spread of Gandhara Buddhist culture, it was also seen in Yutian, Qiuzi, Van Yanna and Gashimira. The geographical location of western Tibet is adjacent to these places. One of the results of cultural exchanges is the emergence of staircase towers, which can explain why such pagodas were rarely seen at the same time in Weizang and Xixia, which were strongly influenced by Tibetan Buddhism. According to the literature, the ladder with the ladder tower symbolizes the four noble meaning or the four unprotected, and is an important component of the tower. When the Tianjiangta was first formed, its architectural form drew lessons from the popular staircase towers in inland Asia, including western Tibet. In order to strengthen the relationship between the tower and the story of Li Li's descent, the steps were replaced by three parallel paths. It can also be seen as a watershed between a ladder tower and a real landing tower.
【作者单位】：中国社会科学院民族学与人类学研究所;
【分类号】：K878.6

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