5至13世纪四川盆地摩崖造像分布初探

发布时间：2019-05-15 03:43

【摘要】：四川盆地拥有丰富的石窟和摩崖造像遗存,是中国南方石窟最重要的分布区,也是中国石窟寺分布区的重要代表。研究四川盆地摩崖造像在区域内的时空分布和变迁情况,有助于理解整个四川地区摩崖造像的时空分布过程。本文依据已有的造像考古成果,以四川盆地的自然地理区划为基础,分别对盆北低山区、盆西平原区、盆中丘陵区、盆南山地与丘陵区和盆东平行岭谷区,五个地貌区内的造像赋存情况进行了统计。在此基础上,概括了造像的时空分布特征,并对影响四川盆地摩崖造像地域分布的主要因素进行了讨论。从南北朝至两宋,四川盆地的摩崖造像可以分为三个时期。南北朝~初唐为第一期,在这一期盆北、盆西、盆中开始出现摩崖造像,其中盆北的广元等地主要是佛教题材造像,而盆西、盆中主要是道教题材造像。整体来说,造像点少而分散,受北方造像风格影响深刻。盛唐~五代为第二期,该期四川盆地的造像数和造像规模达到高峰,陆续出现了盆北的广元—巴中、盆西的邛崃—蒲江—丹棱—仁寿,盆中的资中—安岳三个造像中心。两宋时期为第三期,除盆中、盆东外,其余地区的摩崖造像活动都走向衰落,全川的造像中心在大足—安岳一带。无论是各区还是四川盆地整体造像,在发展过程中,都表现出了明显的自北向南、自西向东的发展趋势。影响摩崖造像分布的因素主要有政治、经济、文化、交通等。一、造像分布受政治因素的影响。其一,中晚唐时期,受唐与吐蕃、南诏战争的影响,盆北出现了以过往将士为主要功德主的摩崖造像,盆西集中出现毗沙门天王像题材的造像和大量以祈求平安为目的的龛窟。其二,盆地内摩崖造像的出现和盛行受到了当时宗教政策的影响。其三,州县治所在对当时的造像发展有一定影响,盆北、盆南、盆东三区比较重要的造像点多位于当时的州县治。二、造像分布与地区经济发展有着密切的联系。其一,造像分布与各府州的行政等级在大体上是吻合的,一般来说,行政等级高的州,造像数量也多。其二,造像在分布上与市镇分布具有对应关系,摩崖造像活动以市镇为依托而进行。其三,盛产流通性高的物产的地区多为重要的造像区。三、摩崖造像的发展与寺院、高僧驻锡地的分布具有对应关系,早期盆西、盆中造像多为道教题材造像,与早期四川盆地内的佛、道教势力对比情况有关。
[Abstract]:Sichuan Basin is rich in grottoes and cliff statues, which is the most important distribution area of grottoes in southern China and an important representative of grottoes in China. The study of the temporal and spatial distribution and changes of cliff statues in Sichuan Basin is helpful to understand the temporal and spatial distribution process of cliff statues in Sichuan Province. Based on the existing archaeological results of statues and on the basis of the natural geographical areas of Sichuan Basin, this paper deals with the low mountain areas in the north of the basin, the plain areas in the west of the basin, the hilly areas in the middle of the basin, the mountainous areas in the south of the basin and the hilly areas in the east of the basin. The occurrence of statues in five geomorphological areas is counted. On this basis, the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the image are summarized, and the main factors affecting the regional distribution of the cliff image in Sichuan Basin are discussed. From the Northern and Southern dynasties to the Song Dynasty, the cliff statues in Sichuan Basin can be divided into three periods. From the Southern and Northern dynasties to the early Tang Dynasty, cliffs began to appear in the north of the basin, the west of the basin and the basin, in which the Guangyuan and other places in the north of the basin were mainly Buddhist statues, while the western basin and the basin were mainly Taoist statues. On the whole, the image points are few and scattered, which is deeply influenced by the northern statue style. During the second period of the prosperous Tang Dynasty to the fifth generation, the number and scale of images in Sichuan Basin reached the peak, and three statue centers, Guangyuan-Bazhong in the north of the basin, Qionglai-Pujiang-Danling-Renshou in the west of the basin and Zizhong-Anyue in the basin, appeared one after another. The Song Dynasty was the third phase, except in the basin and the east of the basin, the cliff statues in other areas declined, and the statue center of the whole Sichuan was in the Dazu-Anyue area. In the process of development, both the whole image of Sichuan Basin and the whole image of Sichuan Basin show an obvious development trend from north to south and from west to east. The main factors affecting the distribution of cliff statues are politics, economy, culture, transportation and so on. First, the distribution of images is influenced by political factors. First, during the middle and late Tang Dynasty, under the influence of Tang Dynasty, Tubo and Nanzhao War, there appeared cliff statues in the north of the basin with the past generals as the main meritorious agents, and in the west of the basin, the statues of the statue of the king of heaven and a large number of niches for the purpose of praying for peace appeared in the west of the basin. Second, the emergence and prevalence of cliff statues in the basin were influenced by religious policies at that time. Third, the state and county government had a certain impact on the development of statues at that time. Most of the more important image points in the north, south and east of the basin were located in the states and counties at that time. Second, the distribution of statues is closely related to regional economic development. First, the distribution of statues is generally consistent with the administrative level of prefectures. Generally speaking, the number of statues in states with high administrative levels is also large. Second, there is a corresponding relationship between the distribution of statues and the distribution of towns, and the gravelling activities are carried out on the basis of towns. Third, most of the areas rich in products with high liquidity are important image areas. Third, the development of cliff statues is related to the distribution of monasteries and monks stationed in tin. In the west of the early basin, most of the statues in the basin are Taoist statues, which are related to the comparison of Buddhist and Taoist forces in the early Sichuan basin.
【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K879.3

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