突出效应及其机制

发布时间：2018-09-19 17:50

【摘要】： 突出效应假定在选择任务下选项的突出特征(安全项目中拯救的生命与所付出的金钱代价两个特征中,拯救生命是突出特征)比在匹配任务下将会被赋予更大的权重。这一效应打破了理性决策理论的程序不变性原则,因为理性决策的程序不变性原则认为人们的偏好不会因为诱导程序的改变而改变。本文首先试图验证突出效应是否存在,试验结果也表明,突出效应的确存在。本文的第二个目的在于探讨突出效应产生的机制。本文的试验结果支持Tversky(1988)关于突出效应的机制的假设,即人们在选择任务下下更多的采用非代偿性的启发式决策策略(例如包含词典编纂决策策略),这些非代偿性的决策策略要求更少的认知资源,较少的进行认知计算,并且能为决策提供更好的理由;而在匹配任务下人们更多的采用了代偿性的决策策略,这些代偿性的决策策略要求人们进行更多的量的推理,即人们必须考虑两个特征之间的间距与相应的权重。以往的研究主要从决策的结果来推断决策过程,本文在探讨突出效用的机制过程中首次使用了过程追踪技术,直接监控从信息获取到最后做出判断和决策的整个认知过程,从决策的过程的角度来考察突出效应产生的机制。本研究一共分为两个阶段,每一阶段要求被试完成一项任务。在第一阶段中向被试呈现两个选项,其中一个选项中有数值缺失,让被试补上缺失的数值使得两个选项具有同等的吸引力(匹配任务),第二阶段让被试从他们匹配的具有同等吸引力的选项中选择一个(选择任务)。电脑将自动记录被试在完成匹配任务和选择任务过程中查看了哪些信息,查看信息的数目与时间,并以此作为判断被试采用何种决策策略的因变量。试验结果证实了我们的假设,即之所以会出现突出效应,是因为被试在匹配任务和选择任务中采用了不同的决策策略。在匹配任务中被试采用的代偿性的决策策略,而在选择任务中被试采用的是非代偿性的决策策略。
[Abstract]:The salient effect assumes that life saving is a prominent feature in the selection of options under a task (of the two features of the life saved in the security project and the cost of money paid) and that it will be given greater weight than that under the matching task. This effect breaks the procedure invariance principle of rational decision theory, because the procedure invariance principle of rational decision theory holds that people's preference will not be changed by the change of induced procedure. This paper first tries to verify the existence of the outburst effect, and the experimental results show that the outburst effect does exist. The second purpose of this paper is to explore the mechanism of protruding effect. The experimental results in this paper support the hypothesis of Tversky (1988) on the mechanism of outburst effect. That is to say, people use more non-compensatory heuristic decision strategies (such as dictionary compilation strategies) under the selection task. These non-compensatory decision strategies require less cognitive resources and less cognitive computation. And it can provide a better reason for the decision, and in the matching task, people use more compensatory decision-making strategies, these compensatory decision-making strategies require people to make more quantitative reasoning. That is, one must consider the distance between the two features and the corresponding weights. Previous studies mainly infer the decision-making process from the results of decision-making. In the process of discussing the mechanism of prominent utility, this paper first uses process tracking technology to monitor the whole cognitive process from information acquisition to final judgment and decision making. From the point of view of decision-making process, the mechanism of protruding effect is investigated. This study is divided into two stages, each of which requires the participants to complete a task. In the first phase, two options were presented to the subjects, one of which had a missing numeric value, The missing values make the two options equally attractive (matching tasks). In the second stage, the subjects are asked to select one of the equally attractive options they match (select the task). The computer will automatically record what information the subjects looked at in the process of completing the matching task and selecting the task, the number and time of the information, and as a dependent variable to judge the decision strategy adopted by the subjects. The experimental results confirm our hypothesis that the salient effect is due to the different decision strategies used by the subjects in matching and selecting tasks. The compensatory decision strategy adopted by the subjects in the matching task and the non-compensatory decision strategy adopted by the subjects in the selection task.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：C934

【共引文献】