我国商事留置权制度研究

发布时间：2018-08-12 10:27

【摘要】：我国《物权法》第231条规定:“债权人留置的动产,应当与债权属于同一法律关系,但企业之间留置的除外。”1通过对民事留置权成立要件中‘同一法律关系’做出例外规定,该条奠定了我国法律上的商事留置权制度基础。商事留置权不同于民事留置权的最大的区别就在于对留置的标的物与债权之间的牵连性的不同要求。对商事留置权成立要件的特殊规定使得对民事主体和商事主体的保护程度和水平不甚均衡,这似乎与民法的平等和公平原则背道而驰,但这主要是由商事活动的特殊性决定的,有其存在的必然性。由于商事交易的标的额比较大,且交易频率高、持续时间长,在发生纠纷时法院很难从多次交易中厘清哪次交易符合‘同一法律关系’的要件,所以商事留置权的确立有利于商事交易的安全、高效、顺利进行和司法实践的便利实施,这也正是商事留置权的价值功能所在。商事交易对于效率与安全的高度要求决定了商事留置权的发生条件具有特殊性,适用的范围也要相应的扩大。然而我国对商事留置权的法律规定过于简单,使得在司法实践中对于商事留置权适用的具体情形不好把握。因此,深入研究一下商事留置权制度方面的问题或有助于这些问题的解决。在立法上应进一步扩大商事留置权的适用主体,明确商事留置权牵连关系的认定,规范商事留置权的行使范围,进一步完善商事留置权制度。在其适用上,应出台相应的司法解释来指导司法实践,从而更好地维护交易安全和稳定,促进国家经济的繁荣与发展,更好地维护商人的合法权益。本文除引言和结语外,文章由六个部分组成。第一部分,对本文所选的广州市明通运输有限公司与广州锅炉有限公司留置权纠纷上诉案和刘某与深圳市某物流有限公司财产损害赔偿纠纷上诉案的案情进行了简要介绍。第二部分,对本文所选案例涉及的争议焦点进行了概括,并由该争议焦点以及法院的判决引发了本文所要探讨的问题。第三部分,商事留置权概述。本部分主要包含三个方面:一是商事留置权的来源;二是对商事留置权的比较法考察;三是商事留置权的核心特征。第四部分,对我国现行法中的商事留置权制度缺陷进行了分析,主要探讨了我国现行法中商事留置权制度的不足之处,例如商事留置主体范围的局限性、商事留置权的牵连关系的认定模糊以及债权人对商事留置权的滥用。第五部分,商事留置权的法理追问,也包括三个方面:一是商事留置权的主体应当平等,主要是探讨了企业作为商事留置权主体的争议以及个体工商户、农村承包经营户等非企业商事主体也应纳入商事留置权的主体范围;二是归纳概括了商事留置权制度所规制的行为的商事属性:商事交易对象为生产资料、商事交易的频繁性、商事交易的稳定性、商事交易金额大、商事交易结算的滚动性;三是简要分析了商事留置权的效率价值:商事交易的迅捷安全原则以及对于确立商事留置权制度的效率价值考量。第六部分,对我国商事留置权制度完善的设想。本部分在对前文进行的分析的基础上,从利益平衡视角出发,提出了扩大商事留置权的主体范围、明确商事留置权牵连关系认定以及规范商事留置权的行使范围的完善建议,以期实现商事留置权制度的立法目的和制度价值,促进商业的进一步繁荣和安全高效发展。
[Abstract]:Article 231 of the Property Law of China stipulates that "the movable property lien by the creditor shall belong to the same legal relationship with the creditor's right, except for the lien between enterprises." 1 By making an exception to the "same legal relationship" in the establishment of civil lien, this article establishes the legal basis of the commercial lien system in China. The greatest difference between civil lien and lien lies in the different requirements of the implication between the subject matter of lien and the creditor's right. The special provisions on the elements of the establishment of commercial lien make the degree and level of protection of civil subject and commercial subject unbalanced, which seems to run counter to the principle of equality and fairness in civil law, but this is mainly the case. It is determined by the particularity of commercial activities and has its inevitability of existence.Because the amount of the subject matter of commercial transactions is relatively large, and the transaction frequency is high, and the duration is long, it is difficult for the court to clarify which transaction conforms to the requirements of the "same legal relationship" from multiple transactions when disputes occur, so the establishment of commercial lien is conducive to commercial transactions. Safety, efficiency, smooth implementation and judicial practice are also the value functions of commercial lien. The high requirement of efficiency and security in commercial transactions determines that the conditions of occurrence of commercial lien have particularity and the scope of application should be enlarged accordingly. However, the legal provisions of commercial lien in our country are excessive. Therefore, a thorough study of the commercial lien system may be helpful to solve these problems. In legislation, we should further expand the applicable subject of commercial lien, clarify the determination of the relationship between commercial lien and regulate business. In its application, the corresponding judicial interpretation should be issued to guide the judicial practice, so as to better maintain the safety and stability of transactions, promote the prosperity and development of the national economy, and better safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of businessmen. The first part briefly introduces the case of lien disputes between Guangzhou Mingtong Transportation Company Limited and Guangzhou Boiler Company Limited and the case of property damage compensation disputes between Liu Mou and Shenzhen Logistics Company Limited. This part mainly includes three aspects: the origin of commercial lien; the comparative study of commercial lien; and the core characteristics of commercial lien. The fourth part, commercial lien in the current law of our country. This paper analyzes the defects of the system of commercial lien, mainly probes into the deficiencies of the system of commercial lien in the current law of our country, such as the limitation of the scope of the subject of commercial lien, the ambiguity of the cognizance of the relationship between commercial lien and the abuse of commercial lien by creditors. Firstly, the subject of commercial lien should be equal, mainly discussing the disputes of enterprises as the subject of commercial lien and individual industrial and commercial households, rural contractual operators and other non-enterprise commercial subjects should also be included in the scope of the subject of commercial lien; secondly, it summarizes the commercial attributes of the acts regulated by the commercial lien system. The object of commercial transactions is the means of production, the frequency of commercial transactions, the stability of commercial transactions, the large amount of commercial transactions, and the rolling nature of commercial transactions settlement; the third is a brief analysis of the efficiency value of commercial lien: the principle of rapid security of commercial transactions and the consideration of the efficiency value of establishing the commercial lien system. On the basis of the analysis of the preceding part and from the angle of interest balance, this part puts forward some suggestions on enlarging the scope of the subject of the commercial lien, clarifying the identification of the implicated relationship of the commercial lien and standardizing the scope of the exercise of the commercial lien in order to realize the commercial lien system. Legislative purpose and system value promote further prosperity and safe and efficient development of Commerce.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923.2

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