三维激光扫描技术在土石方计算中的应用研究

发布时间：2018-11-21 09:06

【摘要】：随着城市的建设和发展,带动了各种工程项目的增加,而项目建设中大多会有土方工程,例如土方开挖、运输和回填、给排水和土壁支撑等工作,在土方工程的施工项目中,场地平整、坑槽开挖、路基填筑及基坑回填土等是最为常见的。土方量测量和计算的准确性直接影响到工程的进度和费用,因此如何提高土方计算的精度,对于工程经济具有重大的意义。三维激光扫描技术具有测量速度快、数据精度高、仪器功能丰富的特点,将其用于土方测量有着巨大的应用潜力。本文结合三维激光扫描技术的原理、特点等方面的知识,研究了三维激光扫描技术高效率和高精度的测量条件,通过实验分析得到减小测量误差的测量条件,利用实际工程测量,分析误差大小,提高三维激光扫描仪在土石方计算应用中的精度和测量效率。(1)总结土方测量技术,分析各种测量技术的优缺点,为三维激光扫描技术的应用研究做铺垫。(2)为研究误差影响因素之间的关系,本文利用ILRIS-3D扫描仪对土方进行实验测量,分别进行精度评定,分析测量距离、间距和测量规模三个关键影响因素的关系,确定出既能满足精度要求又能提高测量效率的扫描条件,为减小测量误差提供可靠依据。(3)利用实验分析的结果,根据工程规模的大小,确定出合理的测量距离和间距,对实际工程进行扫描,利用Polyworks软件处理获得的点云数据,选择合理的方法进行数据的预处理,利用迭代最近点(ICP)算法进行数据配准,采用角度判断法、观察法和弦高差法进行去噪处理,计算得到土方量。(4)为研究三维激光扫描仪的实际测量误差,利用Polyworks软件分别计算出扫描仪和全站仪的测量数据,并将数据进行比较,分析扫描仪的相对误差;利用CASS计算出全站仪的测量数据,同Polyworks软件计算的数据进行比较,分析出此软件的计算误差。(5)由于三维激光扫描仪的数据处理流程复杂,而且每种仪器的处理系统不兼容,因此本文利用MATLAB编制出可以计算体积的程序,简化体积计算的过程。(6)通过以上的研究,对三维激光扫描技术在其它测量领域(基本测量、建筑物立面图测量、变形测量、地形测量)及建模领域进行了探究。
[Abstract]:With the construction and development of the city, the increase of various engineering projects has been driven, and most of the projects will have earthwork, such as earthwork excavation, transportation and backfill, water supply and drainage and soil wall support, etc., in the construction projects of earthwork projects, Site leveling, pit excavation, subgrade filling and foundation pit backfill are the most common. The accuracy of earthwork measurement and calculation has a direct impact on the progress and cost of the project, so how to improve the accuracy of earthwork calculation is of great significance to engineering economy. Three-dimensional laser scanning technology has the characteristics of fast measuring speed, high data precision and rich instrument function, so it has great application potential in earth-moving survey. Based on the knowledge of the principle and characteristics of 3D laser scanning technology, the high efficiency and high precision measurement conditions of 3D laser scanning technology are studied in this paper, and the measuring conditions to reduce the measurement error are obtained through experimental analysis. In order to improve the accuracy and efficiency of 3D laser scanner in earth and stone calculation, the actual engineering survey is used to analyze the error. (1) summarize the technology of earthwork measurement, and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of various measuring techniques. (2) in order to study the relationship between the influence factors of error, this paper uses ILRIS-3D scanner to carry on the experimental survey to the earthwork, respectively carries on the precision appraisal, analyzes the measurement distance, According to the relationship between the three key factors of spacing and measurement scale, the scanning condition, which can meet the requirement of accuracy and improve the measuring efficiency, is determined, which provides a reliable basis for reducing the measurement error. (3) using the results of experimental analysis, According to the size of the project, the reasonable measuring distance and distance are determined, the actual project is scanned, the point cloud data is processed by Polyworks software, and the reasonable method is chosen to preprocess the data. The iterative nearest point (ICP) algorithm is used for data registration, the angle judgment method, the observation method and the chord height difference method are used for denoising, and the earthwork is calculated. (4) in order to study the actual measurement error of 3D laser scanner, The measurement data of scanner and total station are calculated by Polyworks software, and the relative error of scanner is analyzed by comparing the data. The measurement data of total station are calculated by CASS, and compared with the data calculated by Polyworks software, the calculation error of this software is analyzed. (5) because the data processing flow of 3D laser scanner is complex, Moreover, the processing system of each instrument is not compatible, so this paper uses MATLAB to compile a program to calculate the volume, which simplifies the process of volume calculation. (6) through the above research, In this paper, 3D laser scanning technology in other fields of measurement (basic measurement, building elevation map measurement, deformation measurement, terrain measurement) and modeling field are explored.
【学位授予单位】：西安理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：TN249;TU751

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