评估水源和使用点的水质：西非马里SEGOU地区PELENGANA公社的案例研究
发布时间：2021-01-19 23:06
水是具有多种用途的珍贵和必要的自然资源。确保水源和使用点水的安全,在世界上从公共供水中收集饮用水的地区,这一点很重要。用于食品或卫生的水需要优良的理化性质和微生物质量。为了评估马里塞古地区农村社区,特别是佩伦卡纳公社农村社区水源和用水点的水质及其与健康的关系,对不同常用水源（包括地表水、浅井、挖井、钻孔、手动泵、家用容器和水泥池）的采集水样进行了理化性质和细菌学分析。为了跟踪不同季节的参数变化,在旱季和雨季分别采集了样品。这项研究还旨在评估消费者对水质的看法,并确定与水质恶化有关的因素,如水的储存、家庭人口统计、卫生和卫生习惯。这些数据是通过卫生调查、水质测试、家庭调查、文件分析、重点小组讨论和关键的信息提供者访谈收集的,目的是确定马里农村地区家庭安全、无障碍、可持续、成本效益高和可接受的供水模式。采用多管发酵技术测定饮用水微生物（总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群、粪肠球菌和大肠杆菌计数）质量。同时测定了饮用水的电导率、浊度、pH和TDS、TSS、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、磷酸盐、氯化物、BOD5、Zn2+、F-、As、Hg、Cu、Cd、Pb、Mn、Cr、Fe 的含量。采用方差分析（ANOVA）和Dun...
【文章来源】：东北林业大学黑龙江省 211工程院校 教育部直属院校
【文章页数】：164 页
【学位级别】：博士
【文章目录】：
Abstract
摘要
Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1 Country Background
1.2 Research Background
1.3 Problem Statement and Justification
1.4 Research objective
1.4.1 General objective
1.4.2 Specific objectives
1.5 Outline of the thesis
Chapter 2. Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Human perception on groundwater quality
2.3 Drinking water quality
2.3.1 Groundwater quality
2.3.1.1 Bacteriological quality
2.3.1.2 Physicochemical quality
2.3.2 Concept of Sanitary Survey
2.3.3 Water quality standards
2.4 Water pollution
2.5 Sources of pollution
2.5.1 Domestic discharges
2.5.2 Agricultural discharges
2.5.3 Industrial discharges
2.5.4 Environmental problems
2.5.5 Urbanization
2.6 Main pollutants
2.6.1 Biological pollutants
2.6.1.1 Bacterial pollution
2.6.1.2 Viral pollution
2.6.1.3 Parasitic pollution
2.6.1.3.1 Helminths
2.6.1.3.2 Protozoa
2.6.1.4 Water algae
2.6.2 Chemical pollutants
2.6.2.1 Mineral chemical elements
2.6.2.2 Heavy metals
2.6.3 Toxic organic pollutants
2.6.3.1 Pesticides
2.6.3.2 Detergents
2.6.3.3 Hydrocarbons
2.6.4 Pathways for Contamination by behaviors related to water collection, and storage
2.7 Impact Water on Health
2.7.1 Wateibome diseases
2.7.1.1 Bacterial diseases
2.7.1.1.1 Cholera
2.7.1.1.2 Typhoid fever
2.7.1.1.3 Gastroenteritis
2.7.1.1.4 Dysentery
2.7.1.2 viral diseases
2.7.1.2.1 Hepatitis A
2.7.1.2.2 Poliomyelitis
2.7.1.3 Parasitic diseases
2.7.2 Risks related to the presence of chemicals in water
2.7.3 Risks related to lack of water
2.7.4 Water Risk Management
2.7.5 Water risk assessment
2.7.5.1 Chemical risk assessment
2.7.5.2 Microbiological risk assessment
2.8 Drinking water treatment
2.8.1 Surface water tretatment
2.8.1.1 Pretreatment
2.8.1.2 Pre-oxidation
2.8.1.3 Clarification
2.8.1.3.1 Coagulation
2.8.1.3.2 Flocculation
2.8.1.3.3 Decantation
2.8.1.3.4 Filtration
2.8.1.4 Disinfection
2.8.1.5 Refining
2.8.2 Groundwater treatment
Chapter 3. Materials And Methods
3.1 Description of the study area
3.2 Ethics approval
3.3 Research Design and Methods
3.4 Fieldwork
3.4.1 Making contact with the population
3.4.2 Questionnaire Surveys
3.4.3 Focus Group Discussions
3.4.4 Key Informant Interviews
3.4.5 Sanitary Inspections
3.5 Preparation of survey tools
3.5.1 Observation of the study perimeter and location of sources
3.5.2 Household surveys of source users
3.6 Sampling
3.6.1 Choice of sites
3.6.2 Water samples collection
3.6.2.1 Sampling techniques
3.6.2.2 Sample transport
3.7 Analytical methods
3.7.1 Physico-chemical analysis
3.7.1.1 Temperature measurement
3.7.1.2 Measurement of hydrogen potential （pH）
3.7.1.3 Electrical conductivity （EC） measurement
3.7.1.4 TDS determination
3.7.1.5 Turbidity measurement
3.7.1.6 Determination of chlorides
3.7.1.7 Determination of nitrates and phosphates
2
-）"> 3.7.1.8 Determination of nitrites （NO2
-）
3.7.1.9 Determination of heavy metals
3.7.2 Microbiological analyses of water samples
3.7.2.1 Enumeration of Total Coliforms and Faecal Coliforms
3.7.2.2 Enumeration of faecal enterococci
3.8 Statistical analysis
Chapter 4. Assessment of The Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water In Light of WaterQuality, Sanitation And Hygiene Education Provision
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Results
4.2.1 Sources and reason for frequenting, and Storage of drinking water
4.2.2 Sanitation and Hygiene
4.2.3 Indicator of bacterial enumeration per 100 ml water sample
4.2.4 Prevalence of total coliform, fecal coliform and fecal enterococci
4.2.5 Isolated bacteria
4.3 Discussion
Chapter 5. An Assessment of Some Water Quality Properties From Different Sources
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Results and Discussion
5.2.1 The drinking water sources and perception on water quality
5.2.2 Physico-chemical parameters
5.2.3 PCA profiles of correlation of different parameters
Chapter 6. Investigation of The Water Quality of Daily Used Surface Sources For Drinking AndIrrigation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Materials and Methods
6.2.1 Study area and sampling sites
6.3 Results
6.3.1 Sensory parameters
6.3.2 Water quality assessment using different water parameters
6.4 Discussion
6.4.1 Correlation of physical parameters
6.4.2 Correlation of chemical parameters
6.4.3 Correlation of biological parameters
Chapter 7. Drinking Water Quality And Risk For Human Health
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Results
7.2.1 Physical parameters
7.2.2 Chemical parameters
7.2.3 Heavy metals
7.2.4 Bacterial contamination
7.2.5 Health Survey Results
7.3 Discussion
Chapter 8. General Conclusions And Recommendations
8.1 Conclusions
8.1.1 Water quality, availability and perceptions
8.1.2 Sustainability of water sources with respect to drinking and domestic services
8.2 Recommendations
8.3 Future research needs
References
Appendix A: Water points observation Form
Appendix B: Onsite Sanitary Inspection Form
Appendix C: Questionnaire for Household Survey
Appendix D: Attitudes/knowledge towards waterborne diseases
Papers published during the doctoral study
Acknowledgements
本文编号：2987862
【文章来源】：东北林业大学黑龙江省 211工程院校 教育部直属院校
【文章页数】：164 页
【学位级别】：博士
【文章目录】：
Abstract
摘要
Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1 Country Background
1.2 Research Background
1.3 Problem Statement and Justification
1.4 Research objective
1.4.1 General objective
1.4.2 Specific objectives
1.5 Outline of the thesis
Chapter 2. Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Human perception on groundwater quality
2.3 Drinking water quality
2.3.1 Groundwater quality
2.3.1.1 Bacteriological quality
2.3.1.2 Physicochemical quality
2.3.2 Concept of Sanitary Survey
2.3.3 Water quality standards
2.4 Water pollution
2.5 Sources of pollution
2.5.1 Domestic discharges
2.5.2 Agricultural discharges
2.5.3 Industrial discharges
2.5.4 Environmental problems
2.5.5 Urbanization
2.6 Main pollutants
2.6.1 Biological pollutants
2.6.1.1 Bacterial pollution
2.6.1.2 Viral pollution
2.6.1.3 Parasitic pollution
2.6.1.3.1 Helminths
2.6.1.3.2 Protozoa
2.6.1.4 Water algae
2.6.2 Chemical pollutants
2.6.2.1 Mineral chemical elements
2.6.2.2 Heavy metals
2.6.3 Toxic organic pollutants
2.6.3.1 Pesticides
2.6.3.2 Detergents
2.6.3.3 Hydrocarbons
2.6.4 Pathways for Contamination by behaviors related to water collection, and storage
2.7 Impact Water on Health
2.7.1 Wateibome diseases
2.7.1.1 Bacterial diseases
2.7.1.1.1 Cholera
2.7.1.1.2 Typhoid fever
2.7.1.1.3 Gastroenteritis
2.7.1.1.4 Dysentery
2.7.1.2 viral diseases
2.7.1.2.1 Hepatitis A
2.7.1.2.2 Poliomyelitis
2.7.1.3 Parasitic diseases
2.7.2 Risks related to the presence of chemicals in water
2.7.3 Risks related to lack of water
2.7.4 Water Risk Management
2.7.5 Water risk assessment
2.7.5.1 Chemical risk assessment
2.7.5.2 Microbiological risk assessment
2.8 Drinking water treatment
2.8.1 Surface water tretatment
2.8.1.1 Pretreatment
2.8.1.2 Pre-oxidation
2.8.1.3 Clarification
2.8.1.3.1 Coagulation
2.8.1.3.2 Flocculation
2.8.1.3.3 Decantation
2.8.1.3.4 Filtration
2.8.1.4 Disinfection
2.8.1.5 Refining
2.8.2 Groundwater treatment
Chapter 3. Materials And Methods
3.1 Description of the study area
3.2 Ethics approval
3.3 Research Design and Methods
3.4 Fieldwork
3.4.1 Making contact with the population
3.4.2 Questionnaire Surveys
3.4.3 Focus Group Discussions
3.4.4 Key Informant Interviews
3.4.5 Sanitary Inspections
3.5 Preparation of survey tools
3.5.1 Observation of the study perimeter and location of sources
3.5.2 Household surveys of source users
3.6 Sampling
3.6.1 Choice of sites
3.6.2 Water samples collection
3.6.2.1 Sampling techniques
3.6.2.2 Sample transport
3.7 Analytical methods
3.7.1 Physico-chemical analysis
3.7.1.1 Temperature measurement
3.7.1.2 Measurement of hydrogen potential （pH）
3.7.1.3 Electrical conductivity （EC） measurement
3.7.1.4 TDS determination
3.7.1.5 Turbidity measurement
3.7.1.6 Determination of chlorides
3.7.1.7 Determination of nitrates and phosphates
2
-）"> 3.7.1.8 Determination of nitrites （NO2
-）
3.7.1.9 Determination of heavy metals
3.7.2 Microbiological analyses of water samples
3.7.2.1 Enumeration of Total Coliforms and Faecal Coliforms
3.7.2.2 Enumeration of faecal enterococci
3.8 Statistical analysis
Chapter 4. Assessment of The Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water In Light of WaterQuality, Sanitation And Hygiene Education Provision
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Results
4.2.1 Sources and reason for frequenting, and Storage of drinking water
4.2.2 Sanitation and Hygiene
4.2.3 Indicator of bacterial enumeration per 100 ml water sample
4.2.4 Prevalence of total coliform, fecal coliform and fecal enterococci
4.2.5 Isolated bacteria
4.3 Discussion
Chapter 5. An Assessment of Some Water Quality Properties From Different Sources
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Results and Discussion
5.2.1 The drinking water sources and perception on water quality
5.2.2 Physico-chemical parameters
5.2.3 PCA profiles of correlation of different parameters
Chapter 6. Investigation of The Water Quality of Daily Used Surface Sources For Drinking AndIrrigation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Materials and Methods
6.2.1 Study area and sampling sites
6.3 Results
6.3.1 Sensory parameters
6.3.2 Water quality assessment using different water parameters
6.4 Discussion
6.4.1 Correlation of physical parameters
6.4.2 Correlation of chemical parameters
6.4.3 Correlation of biological parameters
Chapter 7. Drinking Water Quality And Risk For Human Health
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Results
7.2.1 Physical parameters
7.2.2 Chemical parameters
7.2.3 Heavy metals
7.2.4 Bacterial contamination
7.2.5 Health Survey Results
7.3 Discussion
Chapter 8. General Conclusions And Recommendations
8.1 Conclusions
8.1.1 Water quality, availability and perceptions
8.1.2 Sustainability of water sources with respect to drinking and domestic services
8.2 Recommendations
8.3 Future research needs
References
Appendix A: Water points observation Form
Appendix B: Onsite Sanitary Inspection Form
Appendix C: Questionnaire for Household Survey
Appendix D: Attitudes/knowledge towards waterborne diseases
Papers published during the doctoral study
Acknowledgements
本文编号：2987862
本文链接：https://www.wllwen.com/jianzhugongchenglunwen/2987862.html
