MAOA和5-HTT基因多态性与父母养育对儿童社会适应的影响

发布时间：2018-05-30 22:41

本文选题：MAOA基因多态性 + 5-HTTLPR基因多态性　；参考：《东南大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：社会适应是儿童出生之后面临的一项重要发展任务。遗传和环境如何共同影响儿童早期的社会适应是当前儿童发展研究的热点问题之一。理论认为,遗传和环境的交互作用存在四种形式：基因易感模型、差别易感模型、最佳匹配模型和社会增强模型。但系统检验遗传与环境在影响儿童早期社会适应时的交互作用模式的实证研究还未见报道。本研究旨在通过采用追踪研究设计,以MAOA和5-HTTLPR基因多态性代表遗传因素,以父母养育代表环境因素,探讨遗传和环境影响中国汉族儿童早期社会适应的交互作用模式和敏感期。本研究以416名6个月大的婴儿及其父母为被试,进行为期4年的追踪研究。当婴儿6个月时,父母报告各自的养育压力和认知卷入程度,同时实验人员收集儿童的口腔脱落细胞和人口统计学资料。当儿童24个月时,父母分别填写各自的养育方式和儿童社会适应问卷,同时用行为观察法测查母亲的低压控制策略。当儿童48个月时,再次邀请父母分别填写父母养育方式和儿童社会适应问卷。采用PCR扩增和电泳法检测MAOA和5-HTTLPR基因多态性。采用回归分析、简单斜率效应分析和“显著区域分析”检验基因多态性与父母养育的交互作用模式和敏感期,得出以下主要结论：(1) MAOA基因多态性与母亲养育的交互作用能显著预测男孩学前期的内隐问题行为。“显著区域分析”发现,两者的交互作用模式符合基因易感模型。即当母亲养育压力和过度保护较高时,3型男孩学前期的内隐问题行为显著高于4型男孩；但当母亲养育压力和过度保护较低时,两组男孩无显著差异。这表明,低活性等位基因对学前期男孩来说是一种风险因素。(2) MAOA基因多态性与父亲严厉的交互作用能显著预测男孩学前期的问题行为。两者的交互作用模式符合社会增强模型。即当父亲严厉较低时,4型男孩学前期的问题行为显著低于3型男孩；但当父亲严厉较高时,两组男孩无显著差异。这表明,高活性等位基因对学前期男孩来说是一种优势因素。(3) MAOA基因多态性与母亲严厉的交互作用能显著预测男孩学步期的社会能力,与母亲认知卷入的交互作用能显著预测男孩学前期的社会能力。“显著区域分析”发现,前者符合社会增强模型,后者符合基因易感模型。具体而言,当母亲严厉程度较低时,4型男孩学步期的社会能力显著高于3型男孩；当母亲严厉程度较高时,两组男孩无显著差异。当母亲认知卷入较低时,3型男孩在学前期的社会能力显著低于4型男孩；但当母亲认知卷入程度较高时,两组男孩无显著差异。这表明,高活性等位基因对学步期男孩社会能力的发展来说是一种优势因素；而低活性等位基因对学前期男孩的社会能力发展来说是一种风险因素。(4) MAOA基因多态性与母亲养育方式的交互作用能显著预测女孩学前期的问题行为和社会能力。两者的交互作用模式符合基因易感模型。具体而言,当母亲严厉程度较高时,3/4和4/4型女孩在学前期的外显和内隐问题行为显著高于3/3型女孩；但当母亲严厉程度较低时,两组女孩无差异。当母亲认知卷入程度较低时,3/4和4/4型女孩学前期的社会能力显著高于3/3型女孩；但当母亲认知卷入程度较低时,两组女孩无显著差异。这表明,高活性等位基因对学前期女孩来说是一种风险因素。(5) 5-HTTLPR基因多态性与父亲养育压力的交互作用能显著预测儿童学前期的外显问题行为。两者的交互作用模式符合社会增强模型。即当父亲养育压力较低时,s/s和s/I型儿童的外显问题行为显著低于l/l型儿童；但当父亲养育压力较高时,两组儿童无显著差异。这表明,短等位基因对学前期儿童来说是优势因素。父亲低养育压力会使该类型儿童在学前期有较多的外显问题行为,但父亲高养育压力对其无影响。(6) 5-HTTLPR基因多态性与母亲养育的交互作用能显著预测男孩学前期的外显和内隐问题行为。交互作用模式均符合社会增强模型。具体而言,当母亲养育压力较低时,s/s和s/I型男孩学前期的外显问题行为显著低于l/l型男孩；但当母亲养育压力较高时,两组男孩没有显著差异。当母亲严厉程度较低时,s/s和s/I型男孩学前期的内隐问题行为显著低于l/l型男孩；但当母亲严厉程度较高时,两组男孩没有显著差异。这表明,短等位基因对学前期男孩来说是优势因素。母亲低养育压力或严厉会使该类型男孩在学前期有较少的问题行为,但母亲高养育压力和严厉对其没有影响。(7) 5-HTTLPR基因多态性与母亲养育压力的交互作用能显著预测女孩学前期的内隐问题行为。两者的交互作用模式符合基因易感模型。即当母亲养育压力较高时,l/l型女孩的内隐问题行为显著高于s/s和l/l型女孩；但当母亲养育压力较低时,两组女孩没有显著差异。这表明,长等位基因对学前期女孩来说是风险因素,母亲高养育压力会使该类型女孩在学前期有较多的内隐问题行为。(8) 5-HTTLPR基因多态性与父亲养育压力的交互作用能显著预测儿童学步期的社会能力。交互作用模式符合基因易感模型。即当父亲养育压力较高时,l/l型儿童在学步期的社会能力显著低于s/s和s/l型儿童；但当父亲养育压力较低时,两组儿童没有显著差异。这表明,长等位基因对学步期儿童来说是风险因素,父亲高养育压力会使该类型儿童在学步期有较低的社会能力。此外,5-HTTLPR基因多态性与母亲养育方式的交互作用能显著预测学前期儿童的社会能力。该交互作用模式符合社会增强模型。具体而言,当母亲过度保护较低时,l/l和s/I型儿童的社会能力显著高于l/l型儿童；但当母亲过度保护较高时,两组儿童没有显著差异。这表明,长等位基因对学前期儿童来说是优势因素,母亲较低的过度保护会使该类型儿童在学前期有较高的社会能力。总之,本研究首次通过“显著区域分析”发现,MAOA基因多态性与父母养育的交互作用以及5-HTTLPR基因多态性与父母养育的交互作用模式符合基因易感模型和社会增强模型,交互作用的敏感期在学前期。这为父母教育儿童提供了重要的指导意义,也为教育工作者、临床工作者和心理咨询者在矫正儿童不良社会适应时提供了重要的理论基础。
[Abstract]:Social adaptation is an important development task for children after birth. How heredity and environment affect the early social adaptation of children is one of the hot issues in the study of children's development. The theory holds that there are four forms of genetic and environmental interaction: genetic susceptibility models, differential susceptibility models, optimal matching models and An empirical study on the interaction patterns of genetic and environmental impacts on early social adaptation in children has not yet been reported. This study aims to explore genetic and environmental impacts by using MAOA and 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphisms to represent genetic factors by using tracer research design. The interaction model and sensitive period of early social adaptation in Chinese Han children. The study took 416 6 month old infants and their parents for a 4 year follow-up study. When infants were 6 months, their parents reported their own parental rearing pressure and cognitive involvement, and the experimental people collected children's oral exfoliative cells and demographic statistics. When children were 24 months, parents filled out their own parenting styles and social adaptation questionnaires, and measured their mother's low pressure control strategies with behavioral observation. When children were 48 months old, their parents were invited to fill out their parental rearing patterns and children's social adaptation questions respectively. MAOA and 5-HTTL were detected by PCR amplification and electrophoresis. PR gene polymorphism. Regression analysis, simple slope effect analysis and "significant regional analysis" were used to test the interaction patterns and sensitive periods of parental rearing, and the following main conclusions were obtained: (1) the interaction between MAOA gene polymorphism and mother parenting could significantly predict the implicit problem behavior in early childhood. Regional analysis found that the interaction patterns of the two were consistent with the genetic susceptibility model. When the mother parenting pressure and excessive protection were higher, the implicit problem behavior in the early stage of type 3 boys was significantly higher than that of type 4 boys; however, there was no significant difference between the two groups of boys when the parental rearing pressure and excessive protection were low. The early school boys are a risk factor. (2) the MAOA gene polymorphism and the father's severe interaction can significantly predict the prophase behavior of the boys. The interaction pattern of the two is consistent with the social enhancement model. That is, when the father is severely lower, the behavior of the prophase 4 is significantly lower than that of the type 3 boy; but when the father is severe, the father is severe. At the higher level, there was no significant difference between the two groups of boys. This showed that the high activity allele was an dominant factor in the preschool boys. (3) the MAOA gene polymorphism and the mother's severe interaction could significantly predict the social ability of the boy's school step, and the interaction with mother's cognitive involvement could significantly predict the early social ability of the boys. " The significant regional analysis found that the former conforms to the social enhancement model and the latter conforms to the genetic susceptibility model. Specifically, when the mother's severity is low, the social ability of the 4 type boys is significantly higher than that of type 3 boys; when the mother's severity is higher, there is no significant difference between the two groups of boys. When the mother's cognitive involvement is low, the type 3 boys are learning. The social ability of the early stage was significantly lower than that of type 4 boys, but there was no significant difference between the two groups of boys when the mother's cognitive involvement was high. This suggests that the high active allele is a dominant factor in the development of the boy's social ability at the school step, and the low activity allele is a risk for the development of the social ability of the boys in the pre-school period. (4) the interaction between the MAOA gene polymorphism and the mother parenting style can significantly predict the problem behavior and social ability in the early stage of girls' study. The interaction pattern of the two is consistent with the genetic susceptibility model. Specifically, the explicit and implicit behavior of 3/4 and 4/4 girls is significantly higher than that of 3/3 in the early stage of study when the mother is more severe. But when the mother's severity was low, there was no difference between the two groups of girls. When the mother's cognitive involvement was low, the social ability of the 3/4 and 4/4 girls was significantly higher than that of the 3/3 girls. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups of girls when the mother's cognitive involvement was low. It is a risk factor. (5) the interaction between the 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphism and father parenting stress can significantly predict the explicit problem behavior in early childhood. The interaction pattern of the two is consistent with the social enhancement model. That is, when the father has lower parenting pressure, the explicit problem behavior of s/s and s/I type children is significantly lower than that of the l/l type children; There is no significant difference between the two groups of children when the parental rearing pressure is high. This indicates that the short allele is the dominant factor in the preschool children. The father's low parenting pressure will make this type of children have more explicit problem behavior in the early period of study, but the father's high parenting pressure does not affect it. (6) the interaction between 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphism and mother breeding The interaction patterns were consistent with the social enhancement model. In particular, the apparent problem behavior of s/s and s/I type boys was significantly lower than that of type l/l boys when the mothers had lower parenting pressure, but there was no significant difference between the two groups of boys when the mother raised the pressure. When the mother was less severe, the s/s and s/I type boys were significantly lower than the l/l type boys, but when the mother had a high degree of severity, there was no significant difference between the two groups of boys. This suggests that the short allele is an dominant factor for the boys in the preschool period. There is less problem behavior, but the stress and severity of mother's high parenting do not affect it. (7) the interaction between 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphism and mother parenting stress can significantly predict the implicit problem behavior in the early stage of girls' study. The interaction pattern of the two is consistent with the genetic susceptibility model. That is, when the mother raises the pressure, the implicit questions of the l/l type girls The behavior of the subjects was significantly higher than that of s/s and l/l girls, but there was no significant difference between the two groups of girls when the parental rearing pressure was low. It showed that the long allele was a risk factor for the early school girls. The high parental rearing pressure would make this type of girl more implicit in the pre school period. (8) the polymorphism of 5-HTTLPR gene and father nurture. The interaction of stress can significantly predict the social ability of children's learning step. The interaction model conforms to the genetic susceptibility model. When the father raises the pressure, the social ability of the l/l children is significantly lower than that of the s/s and s/l type children. However, when the father raises the pressure, there is no significant difference between the two groups of children. The allele is a risk factor for toddlers. Father high parenting pressure will make this type of children have lower social ability at the school step. In addition, the interaction of 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphism and mother parenting style can significantly predict the social ability of children in pre school. The interaction pattern conforms to the social enhancement model. When mother overprotection is low, the social ability of l/l and s/I children is significantly higher than that of type l/l children. However, when mother overprotection is higher, there is no significant difference between the two groups. This indicates that the long allele is the dominant factor for the preschool children, and the lower maternal protection will make this type of children have a higher society in the pre school period. In summary, this study, for the first time, found that the interaction between MAOA gene polymorphism and parental rearing and the interaction between 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphism and parental rearing conforms to the genetic predisposition model and the social enhancement model, and the sensitive period of interaction is in the pre school period. The guiding significance also provides an important theoretical basis for educators, clinical workers and psychological counselors in correcting children's unhealthy social adjustment.
【学位授予单位】：东南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：G78

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