中美学生体质健康测试标准对比及实证研究

发布时间：2018-05-30 09:12

本文选题：体质健康 + 测试标准　；参考：《中北大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：研究目的:在全民健康成为全球关注焦点的背景下,学生体质健康显得尤为重要。近几年来,学生的柔韧性、爆发力、肌力、耐力、肺活量等呈下降的趋势,肥胖、近视发生率持续上升已成为严重影响人类健康的“世界性”问题。我国从1985年起多次实施全国范围的学生体质健康调研,2002年开始推行学生体质健康测试标准,构建成一整套学生体质健康评价监控系统。每年定期公布全国学生体质健康测试数据,经过多年的理论和实践发展,目前现行的标准《国家学生体质健康标准(2014年修订)》在我国发挥着巨大作用。美国是最早进行体质测试的国家之一,测试方法和理论研究都比较完善,学术思想和发展水平也比较先进,20世纪后期实现了计算机对学生体质健康测试的管理。目前,在美国及欧洲很多国家使用最广泛的学生体质测试标准是2013年改进的FITNESSGRAM指标体系。通过对我国学生体质健康标准和美国体适能(Physical fitness)的梳理,从发展历程、测试目标、测试项目指标、评价方法与结果分析等方面的比较,探讨两者的共同之处与差异性,并且分别选取中美两国的有氧耐力评价指标进行实证对比分析,同时指出我国现行测试标准体系的优势以及有待完善之处,就其提出合理化建议。研究方法:使用文献资料和逻辑分析的方法,针对两国学生体质测试发展历程、测试目标、测试项目、评价分析与结果反馈等方面比较研究。运用我国《标准2014》中的耐力跑项目和美国FITNESSGRAM2013中的递增有氧耐力跑项目(PACER),对大学生志愿者进行实验测试,对比分析两项测试结果与最大摄氧量(VO_2max)的相关性。研究结论:1)中美两国对学生体质健康都很关注,而且在不同时期分别运用不同标准和测试方法实施全国范围的学生体质监测。中国现行的学生体质健康测试系统称为《国家学生体质健康标准(2014年修订)》,美国普遍推广的是FITNESSGRAM2013指标体系。2)从指标分类上看,美国FITNESSGRAM2013测试指标包括6个方面,即身体成分、有氧能力、腹部肌肉力量与耐力、上肢力量与耐力、躯干力量、柔韧等;中国《标准2014》与美国FITNESSGRAM2013稍有不同,包括身体形态、有氧能力、爆发力、腹部力量、上下肢力量、柔韧、身体机能等7个方面。相对于美国FITNESSGRAM2013来说,中国缺乏躯干力量的测试,多了爆发力和身体机能,测试较全面。3)从项目数量上看:美国FITNESSGRAM2013测试的年龄段在10-30岁之间,包括14个测试项目,可以进行选测,其中有6项为推荐测试项目,1项为限制性选测;中国《标准2014》测试对象是大中小学生,年龄基本在6-22岁,分为4个等级,每个等级测试项目都有一定交叉,不同的测试项目共11项,全部为必测项目。中美两国都设有BMI值,其为生成性指标,其余项目结果都是经直接测试获得。4)中美两国的结果分析上存在着较大的差异,美国已经从单纯的监测学生体质测试和对运动成绩的认可,发展到树立健康的生活理念、全面促进健康和终身体育意识的健身政策。该措施突出强调测试结果对家长和学生的反馈,当然也继续肯定体质测试的重要性,全面调动积极参与体育运动,倡导学生形成健康的生活方式。中国的学生体质健康测试主要是做宏观的数据统计,便于国家掌握学生的体质健康状况,促进学校体育工作的开展,以及测试标准的顶层设计,没有将测试结果做个体微观分析并反馈给学生和家长。5)通过对69名大学生志愿者进行测试实验,结果显示:功率自行车测试最大摄氧量(VO_2max)的相对值和绝对值p(27)0.01,表现为非常显著的性别差异。而耐力跑(男1000m/女800m)成绩显示出没有明显的性别差异,p0.05。因此,耐力跑(男1000m/女800m)与功率自行车测试评价VO_2max存在一定的差别。20m折返跑推算值与功率自行车最大摄氧量(VO_2max)具有高度相关性,两者的拟合程度显著,线性关系明显。因此,实验结果表明20m折返跑可以作为有效评价心肺功能的评价指标。
[Abstract]:Research objectives: in the context of the global focus of health, students' physical health is particularly important. In recent years, students' flexibility, explosive force, muscle strength, endurance and vital capacity have declined. Obesity and the continuous rise of myopia have become a "world" problem that severely affects human health. China from 1985 In 2002, the national student physical health survey was carried out. In 2002, students' physical health testing standards were introduced, and a complete set of students' physical health assessment and monitoring system was constructed. Every year, the national student physical health test data was published regularly. After years of theory and practice, the current standard < National Student Health Health 'was published. Standard (revised 2014) has played a great role in our country. The United States is one of the first countries to carry out physical testing. The research methods and theories are perfect, the academic thought and development level are relatively advanced. In the late twentieth Century, the computer management of the students' physical fitness test was realized. At present, many countries in the United States and Europe make it possible. The most widely used student physical fitness test standard is an improved FITNESSGRAM index system in 2013. By comparing the physical health standards of the students in China and the Physical fitness of the United States, we compare the development process, the test target, the test item index, the evaluation method and the result analysis, and discuss the similarities and differences between the two. At the same time, this paper makes a comparative analysis on the evaluation indexes of the aerobic endurance of China and the United States, and points out the advantages of the current test standard system in China and the needs to be perfected, and puts forward the rationalization proposals. A comparative study of the test items, evaluation analysis and result feedback. Using the endurance running project in the standard 2014> in China and the incremental aerobic endurance running project (PACER) in the American FITNESSGRAM2013, the university students were tested and the correlation between the two test results and the maximum oxygen uptake (VO_2max) was compared and analyzed. The conclusions were as follows: 1) China and the United States are concerned about the physical health of students, and use the different standards and testing methods in different periods to implement the national student physical fitness monitoring. The current student physical health testing system in China is called the national student physical health standard (revised in 2014), and the FITNESSGRAM2013 index system is widely popularized in the United States. 2) from the index classification, the American FITNESSGRAM2013 test index includes 6 aspects: body composition, aerobic capacity, abdominal muscle strength and endurance, upper limb strength and endurance, trunk strength, flexibility and so on; Chinese standard 2014> is slightly different from American FITNESSGRAM2013, including body shape, aerobic capacity, explosive force, abdominal strength, upper and lower limbs force. Quantity, flexibility, physical function, and other 7 aspects. Compared with the United States FITNESSGRAM2013, China lacks the test of the trunk strength, the explosive force and the body function, the more comprehensive.3). From the number of projects, the age section of the FITNESSGRAM2013 test in the United States is between the age of 10-30, including 14 test items, which can be selected, of which 6 are pushed. Recommended test projects, 1 items are restricted test; China's standard 2014> test object is primary and middle school students, the age is basically 6-22 years old, divided into 4 grades, each grade test project has a certain cross, the different test items are 11 items, all are the required items. Both China and the United States have a BMI value, it is a generative index, the rest of the results are all the results are With the direct test of.4), there are great differences in the analysis of the results between China and the United States. In the United States, the United States has developed a healthy life concept and a comprehensive promotion of health and lifelong physical education from the simple monitoring of student physical fitness testing and recognition of athletic performance. The measures highlight the results of the test to parents and students. Feedback, of course, also continues to affirm the importance of physical testing, fully mobilize the active participation in sports and promote students to form a healthy lifestyle. Chinese students' physical fitness test is mainly to do macro data statistics, to facilitate the state of the state to master the physical health of students, to promote the development of physical education in schools, and to test standards. The top floor design, without the test results for individual microanalysis and feedback to the students and parents.5, was tested by 69 college students. The results showed that the relative value and the absolute value of VO_2max (P (27) 0.01) of the power bicycle test showed a very significant gender difference. The endurance run (male 1000m/ female 800m) was shown. The results showed no obvious gender differences, p0.05. therefore, endurance running (male 1000m/ female 800m) and power bicycle test evaluation VO_2max had a certain difference in the.20m return run value and the power bicycle maximum oxygen uptake (VO_2max) with high correlation, the degree of fitting between the two was significant and the linear relationship was obvious. Therefore, the experimental results showed that the experimental results showed that 20m reentry run can be used as an effective evaluation index for cardiopulmonary function.
【学位授予单位】：中北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G804.49

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