小腿外加负荷对短跑最大速度阶段下肢神经肌肉征召特性的影响
发布时间：2018-09-13 09:04
【摘要】：研究背景与目的:短跑的研究最早可以追溯到1920年,随着多年的研究,对影响短跑的生物力学因素,包括其肌肉激活情况的探究逐渐清晰。前人的研究发现跑速和肌肉激活程度之间存在密切联系,神经系统能够通过控制肌肉的预激活或共收缩活动实现改变运动表现的结果。这些指标能够反映神经系统对环境(例如:负荷)改变做出的控制调整。抗阻冲刺训练是提升冲刺能力的一种常用训练方法。肢体末端绑负一定质量作为外加负荷被认为能够在最大限度不改变动作技术的前提下达到抗阻训练的目的。下肢增加外加负荷的训练方法已经广泛被接受并使用,然而此种训练中肌肉激活情况会发生怎样的变化,神经系统会做出怎样调整仍然有待研究。本研究的目的在于探究下肢绑负质量的抗阻训练方法对短跑最大速度途中跑肌肉激活情况的影响,并探讨其神经肌肉的征召特性,为此训练方法提供理论支持。研究方法:于室内田径场标准百米跑道,使用三维红外高速摄影系统(200Hz)、三维测力台(1000Hz)、表面肌电采集系统(4000Hz),采集13名专业短跑运动员最大速度下途中跑运动学、动力学以及表面肌电数据。在小腿增加不同的外加负荷(0%、10%、15%小腿质量)。划分阶段并计算下肢大腿股直肌、股外侧肌、股内侧肌、股二头肌肌电数据在不同时期的均方根振幅(MVC标准化)。计算指标包括时空参数,各时期各肌肉激活情况以及激活程度比例。统计学方法采用单因素重复测量方差分析(one way repeated ANOVA),显著水平定为P0.05。研究结果:1、步频、跑速随外加负荷质量的增加出现显著降低。并在无负荷条件和15%小腿质量负荷条件之间差异明显(P0.05,P0.05)。支撑期时长在三种负荷条件下均显著增长(P0.05,P0.05)。2、股直肌预激活程度(着地前50ms均方根振幅)随外加质量的增加出现增强的趋势,这与其余三块肌肉的变化相异。着地前肌肉共激活程度(股直肌与股二头肌均方根振幅之比)出现增强。3、前摆期股直肌的激活贡献比例(前摆期股直肌标准化后均方根振幅与前摆期四块肌肉标准化后均方根振幅之和的比值)显著下降,差异表现在无负荷和10%小腿质量负荷两种条件之间(P0.05)。股二头肌推进期的激活贡献比例(股二头肌推进期均方根振幅与股二头肌四个时期均方根振幅之和的比值)在三个负荷条件下都显著增加(P0.05,P0.05)。结论:肢体外加负荷后,步频下降、支撑期时长增加,着地前肌肉预激活及共收缩程度的增强,股直肌和股二头肌在前摆期和推进期的激活贡献度发生改变。这些变化可视为神经系统针对肢体质量变化这种改变做出的征召调整,长期练习有产生神经适应提高运动成绩的潜在可能。
[Abstract]:Background & objective: the research of sprint can be traced back to 1920. With many years of research, the biomechanical factors affecting sprint, including muscle activation, have become more and more clear. Previous studies have found that there is a close relationship between running speed and muscle activation, and that the nervous system can change motor performance by controlling muscle pre-activation or co-contraction. These indicators reflect the nervous system's control over changes in the environment (e. G. Load). Resistance sprint training is a common training method to improve sprint ability. It is believed that the anti-resistance training can be achieved without changing the movement technique to the maximum extent as the body end bound negative certain mass as the external load. The training method of increasing the external load of lower extremities has been widely accepted and used. However, how the muscle activation will change and how the nervous system will adjust remains to be studied. The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of the anti-resistance training method with negative mass on the muscle activation of sprint in the course of maximum speed, and to explore the characteristics of neuromuscular recruitment, and to provide theoretical support for the training method. Methods: using three dimensional infrared high speed photography system (200Hz), three dimensional dynamometer (1000Hz) and surface electromyography (4000Hz) to collect the kinematics of 13 professional sprinters at maximum speed on the standard 100-meter track in indoor track and field, three dimensional infrared high-speed photography system (200Hz), three-dimensional dynamometer (1000Hz) and surface electromyography acquisition system (4000Hz) were used. Kinetic and surface electromyoelectric data. Add a different amount of extra load to the calf (0 / 10 / 10 / 15% leg mass). The mean square amplitude (MVC) of the rectus femoris muscle, lateral thigh muscle, medial femoral muscle and biceps femoris were calculated in different stages. The parameters of calculation include the parameters of time and space, the muscle activation and the ratio of activation degree in each stage. The significant level of (one way repeated ANOVA), of single factor repeated measurement was P 0.05. The results show that the step frequency and running speed decrease significantly with the increase of external load mass. There was significant difference between no load condition and 15% leg mass load condition (P 0.05). The duration of the support period increased significantly under the three loading conditions (P0.05P05) .2The preactivation degree of rectus femoris (the amplitude of root mean square (RMS) of 50ms before landing) increased with the increase of external mass, which was different from the change of the other three muscles. The degree of co-activation (the ratio of RMS amplitude of rectus femoris to biceps femoris) increased by 0.3, and the ratio of the activation contribution of rectus femoris in anterior pendulum period (RMS amplitude after standardization of anterior pendulum muscle and quadrilateral muscle in anterior pendulum phase) was increased. The ratio of the sum of the amplitude of the root mean square (RMS) decreased significantly after quasi-transformation. The difference was between non-load and 10% leg mass load (P0.05). The ratio of activation contribution of biceps femoris (the ratio of RMS amplitude in biceps femoris to the sum of RMS amplitude in four periods of biceps femoris) increased significantly under three loading conditions (P0.05 P 0.05). Conclusion: after limb loading, the step frequency decreased, the duration of support increased, the preactivation and co-contraction of the muscle before landing increased, and the contribution of rectus femoris and biceps femoris during the forward pendulum and propulsion period changed. These changes can be regarded as the recruitment adjustment of the nervous system in response to the changes in body mass, and long-term exercise has the potential to produce neural adaptation and improve motor performance.
【学位授予单位】：上海体育学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G822.1
本文编号：2240691
[Abstract]:Background & objective: the research of sprint can be traced back to 1920. With many years of research, the biomechanical factors affecting sprint, including muscle activation, have become more and more clear. Previous studies have found that there is a close relationship between running speed and muscle activation, and that the nervous system can change motor performance by controlling muscle pre-activation or co-contraction. These indicators reflect the nervous system's control over changes in the environment (e. G. Load). Resistance sprint training is a common training method to improve sprint ability. It is believed that the anti-resistance training can be achieved without changing the movement technique to the maximum extent as the body end bound negative certain mass as the external load. The training method of increasing the external load of lower extremities has been widely accepted and used. However, how the muscle activation will change and how the nervous system will adjust remains to be studied. The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of the anti-resistance training method with negative mass on the muscle activation of sprint in the course of maximum speed, and to explore the characteristics of neuromuscular recruitment, and to provide theoretical support for the training method. Methods: using three dimensional infrared high speed photography system (200Hz), three dimensional dynamometer (1000Hz) and surface electromyography (4000Hz) to collect the kinematics of 13 professional sprinters at maximum speed on the standard 100-meter track in indoor track and field, three dimensional infrared high-speed photography system (200Hz), three-dimensional dynamometer (1000Hz) and surface electromyography acquisition system (4000Hz) were used. Kinetic and surface electromyoelectric data. Add a different amount of extra load to the calf (0 / 10 / 10 / 15% leg mass). The mean square amplitude (MVC) of the rectus femoris muscle, lateral thigh muscle, medial femoral muscle and biceps femoris were calculated in different stages. The parameters of calculation include the parameters of time and space, the muscle activation and the ratio of activation degree in each stage. The significant level of (one way repeated ANOVA), of single factor repeated measurement was P 0.05. The results show that the step frequency and running speed decrease significantly with the increase of external load mass. There was significant difference between no load condition and 15% leg mass load condition (P 0.05). The duration of the support period increased significantly under the three loading conditions (P0.05P05) .2The preactivation degree of rectus femoris (the amplitude of root mean square (RMS) of 50ms before landing) increased with the increase of external mass, which was different from the change of the other three muscles. The degree of co-activation (the ratio of RMS amplitude of rectus femoris to biceps femoris) increased by 0.3, and the ratio of the activation contribution of rectus femoris in anterior pendulum period (RMS amplitude after standardization of anterior pendulum muscle and quadrilateral muscle in anterior pendulum phase) was increased. The ratio of the sum of the amplitude of the root mean square (RMS) decreased significantly after quasi-transformation. The difference was between non-load and 10% leg mass load (P0.05). The ratio of activation contribution of biceps femoris (the ratio of RMS amplitude in biceps femoris to the sum of RMS amplitude in four periods of biceps femoris) increased significantly under three loading conditions (P0.05 P 0.05). Conclusion: after limb loading, the step frequency decreased, the duration of support increased, the preactivation and co-contraction of the muscle before landing increased, and the contribution of rectus femoris and biceps femoris during the forward pendulum and propulsion period changed. These changes can be regarded as the recruitment adjustment of the nervous system in response to the changes in body mass, and long-term exercise has the potential to produce neural adaptation and improve motor performance.
【学位授予单位】：上海体育学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G822.1
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