基于运动技能分类的运动心理准备（英文）

发布时间：2019-04-02 19:37

【摘要】：运动技能对运动员赛场发挥及优异表现具有决定性作用,在运动训练和体育教学实践中也是核心要素。虽然长期以来对运动技能有多种不同的分类方式,但所有运动技能大体上可以分为开放式和封闭式运动技能。基于此,本文主要论述三个问题:(1)解释开放式和封闭式运动技能各自的特征;(2)论述开放式和封闭式运动技能的训练要点;(3)根据两种不同技能分类,介绍心理准备的方法,使运动员在比赛中取得最佳成绩。开放式运动技能要求运动员必须根据外界刺激做出快速决断,快速反应时间至关重要。运动员的动作应集中于结果而不是过程,因此,运动员可以自由选择任何形式的技能来完成特定任务。另外,开放式运动技能还应有很大的创造性和准确性。与此相反,封闭式运动技能允许运动员有相对充足的决策或判断时间,竞争环境稳定、可预测,且规则和评判运动技能的标准也是预定的。更为重要的是,封闭式运动技能强调技能的完美表现。开放式和封闭式运动技能的执行是通过两个不同的神经肌肉系统:闭环神经控制系统和开环神经控制系统。依据动作技能的不同特征和控制系统,在训练中应具有针对性。开放式运动技能应培养运动员快速决策能力,使运动员在执行运动技能时采取尽可能快的行动,同时,还应对技能的准确性进行重点训练。在科学的训练过程中,应使运动员拥有最大限度的技能贮备以应对竞赛中的不同状况。需要指出的是,开放式运动技能的训练或学习应强调结果而不是过程。封闭式运动技能的训练应强调在规则和技能标准的范畴内最大限度保证动作技能完成的准确性,在此基础之上进行重复训练,追求技能的完美表现。训练中还应重点对运动员的注意力进行强化。开放式运动技能的心理准备要点包括认知竞赛动态性的本质、了解敌我双方的优劣势、与队友在比赛中有效沟通、实施有效的激励策略、建立运动员自信。封闭式运动技能的心理准备要点包括动作执行之前进行充分的决策、认知运动技能的生物力学特征、根据运动技能的难易准确有效控制发力程度、运动技能表现应确保具有高度的一致性和准确性、充分重视运动技能之间的衔接和转换、高度集中注意力进而有效排除运动技能执行过程中的干扰因素。
[Abstract]:Sports skills play a decisive role in the development and excellent performance of athletes in the field, and are also the core elements in sports training and teaching practice. Although there are many different ways to classify motor skills for a long time, all sports skills can be divided into open and closed sports skills. Based on this, this paper mainly discusses three issues: (1) explaining the characteristics of open and closed sports skills, (2) discussing the training essentials of open and closed sports skills, and (2) explaining the training points of open and closed sports skills. (3) according to the classification of two different skills, the method of psychological preparation is introduced in order to make the athletes get the best result in the competition. Open sports skills require athletes to make quick decisions based on external stimuli, and rapid response time is essential. Athletes should focus on results rather than processes, so athletes are free to choose any form of skill to perform specific tasks. In addition, open sports skills should also have a great deal of creativity and accuracy. In contrast, closed sports skills allow athletes to have relatively sufficient decision-making or judgment time, a stable and predictable competitive environment, and rules and criteria for evaluating sports skills. More importantly, closed motor skills emphasize the perfect performance of the skill. Open and closed motor skills are performed through two different neuromuscular systems: closed loop neural control system and open loop neural control system. According to the different characteristics of movement skills and control system, the training should be targeted. Open sports skills should develop athletes' ability of fast decision-making so that athletes can take action as quickly as possible in the execution of sports skills. At the same time, the accuracy of skills should also be trained with emphasis. In the course of scientific training, athletes should have the maximum skill reserve to cope with the different conditions in the competition. It is important to note that the training or learning of open sports skills should emphasize results rather than processes. The training of closed sports skills should emphasize that the accuracy of motor skills should be guaranteed to the maximum extent within the scope of rules and skill standards, and on this basis, repeated training should be carried out in order to pursue the perfect performance of skills. During the training, the emphasis should be placed on the attention of the athletes. The psychological preparation points of open sports skills include cognition of the dynamic nature of competition, understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of both sides, effective communication with teammates in the competition, implementation of effective incentive strategies, and establishment of self-confidence of athletes. The key points of psychological preparation of closed motor skills include adequate decision-making before action execution, cognition of biomechanical characteristics of motor skills, and accurate and effective control of the power-generating degree according to the difficulty and ease of motor skills. The performance of motor skills should ensure a high degree of consistency and accuracy, pay full attention to the connection and transformation between motor skills, and effectively eliminate the interference factors in the implementation of motor skills by focusing highly on the performance of motor skills.
【作者单位】：肯尼索州立大学健康促进与体育系;山西大学体育学院;
【分类号】：G804.8

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