儿童习得性姿势控制异常（APCA）分析与运动干预的研究
发布时间：2018-07-31 08:03
【摘要】：姿势控制是人类的基本运动能力之一,人类通过姿势控制维护重心与支持面之间的关系,使身体恢复或维持平衡,以预防跌倒并完成既定的任务。学前期和学龄期是大肌肉运动发展的敏感期也是姿势控制功能发育的不稳定期。异常身体姿势直接影响着少年儿童身体形态正常发育和良好气质形象的养成。然而,目前对儿童体质健康状况的评价普遍依据《国家学生体质健康标准》,身体姿势测评并未列入其中。目的:探讨动作技能学习与神经肌肉骨骼系统结构及变化机制之间相互关系,并通过实验验证单一动作技能习得引发的姿势控制异常现象,并证实关节肌群协同收缩模式的改变是儿童群体姿势控制异常调节的重要影响因素,从而提出儿童体育与健康课程中动作技能教学的实施策略。方法:采用文献法、访谈调查法、实验研究法、数理统计法,逻辑分析法对所选的学龄儿童群体进行研究,分组开展两类各为期12周的单因素等组前测后测干预实验设计。并采用体姿图对受试者身体姿势进行评定;采用便携式肌力与关节活动度测试计对髋关节旋内、旋外,膝关节屈、伸,踝关节背屈、跖屈时最大等长收缩肌力进行测试;选用比利时Footscan平板式压力测量系统,测试人体行走运动中足底压力和步态数据以及采用Y Balance Test平衡测试仪测试下肢关节活动度与肢体对称性数据。并对上述数据进行统计学分析,进而验证儿童在生长发育过程中存在“习得性姿势控制异常”现象。随后采用基于“交互抑制”原理的动作模式练习对“实验A”中的两个实验组人群运动干预的效果进行比较与分析。结果:1、单一动作技能习得对儿童姿势控制能力影响实验(实验A)中,乒乓球、足球实验组与对照组相比较,实验后足底压力峰值、足底分区面积、步态周期分段(支撑期、摆动期、双支撑期)、步长、足着地周期分段(足跟着地期、全足支撑期、足前掌着地期)等指标数据变化都呈现统计学差异。而“身体姿势”测试数据表明,两个实验组对象在实验后并未出现骨骼肌肉系统结构的统计学变化。2、矫正动作练习对儿童习得性姿势控制异常问题改善的验证实验(实验B)中,乒乓球、足球实验组与其对应对照组相比较,仅仅在足跟区域接触面积指标百分比的数据变化方面呈现统计学差异,且与其在“实验A”中的变化呈相反趋势。与此同时,在实验后乒乓球和足球实验组的足底受力峰值指标“平均数”值变化均呈相反趋势,但差异不存在统计学意义。而下肢髋、膝、踝关节“最大等长收缩肌力”数据表明,两个实验组对象在实验前后并未出现统计学变化。结论:1、本研究通过实验证实:长期单一动作技能习得过程中,反复使用的关节会出现固定的主动肌与拮抗肌协同收缩模式和最大等长肌力的改变,引发预先基础动作受限或失衡所导致的动作代偿,从而诱发姿势控制异常现象的发生。鉴于导致异常的原因来自于动作技能习得过程而不是先天遗传因素或者后天的疾病、损伤、环境压力等获得性因素,因此界定其为“习得性姿势控制异常”现象。2、在分析习得性姿势控制异常的诱因基础上,通过实验证实基于“交互抑制”原理的关节肌群协同收缩模式的改变(首先抑制同一关节主动肌的活动,然后促进其拮抗肌的收缩活动,最后完成拮抗肌的抗阻收缩活动,从而促进正常姿势控制的形成)是儿童群体姿势控制异常调节的重要影响因素。3、异常身体姿势是影响身体形态正常发育的一个重要方面。学龄儿童(7岁左右)姿势控制能力尚未发育成熟,因此,在对其进行体质与健康测评时,需要重视其姿势控制能力的测评。4、足底压力测试和步态分析有助于揭示足的结构与体姿变化之间的关系,这对我国青少年体质健康测评具有重要意义。
[Abstract]:Postural control is one of the basic sports abilities of human beings. Human beings maintain the relationship between the center of gravity and the support surface through the posture control, and make the body restore or maintain the balance in order to prevent the fall and complete the established task. The sensitive period of the development of the large muscle movement is also the unstable period of the postural control function development. Postures directly affect the normal physical development of children and the formation of the image of good temperament. However, the assessment of the physical health of children is generally based on the national standard of physical health of the national students, and the assessment of body posture is not included. The relationship between them, and the experimental verification of the abnormal posture control caused by the acquisition of single action skills, and confirmed that the change of the cooperative contraction mode of the joint muscle group is an important influence factor of the abnormal adjustment of the postural control of the children, and then puts forward the implementation strategy of the action skill teaching in the children's physical education and health course. The method of presentation, interview and investigation, experimental research, mathematical statistics, and logical analysis were used to study the group of school-age children selected. Two kinds of single factor pre test intervention experiments were designed in groups for 12 weeks, and the body posture was used to determine the body posture of the subjects; the portable muscle strength and joint mobility test were used. The flexion and flexion of the knee joint, flexion, extension, flexion of the knee joint, the maximum isometric muscle strength of the metatarsal flexion were tested, and the Belgian Footscan plate pressure measurement system was selected to test the foot pressure and gait data in the body walking and the Y Balance Test balance test instrument to measure the limb joint activity and the number of limbs symmetries According to the statistical analysis of the above data, the phenomenon of "abnormality of acquired posture control" in the growth and development of children was verified. Then the action pattern practice based on the principle of "interaction inhibition" was used to compare and analyze the effect of movement intervention on two experimental groups in "experimental A". Results: 1, single motion. The effect of skill acquisition on children's ability to control postural control (Experiment A), table tennis, football experimental group compared with the control group, after the experiment, the peak pressure of the foot, the area of the foot, the step of the gait period (the support period, the swing period, the double support period), the step length, the foot period, the foot period, the full foot support period, the foot in the foreground period, etc. The changes in the index data showed statistical differences. The "body posture" test data showed that the two experimental groups did not have statistical changes in the skeletal muscle system structure after the experiment, and the corrective action exercises were verified by the corrective action exercises on the improvement of children's acquired postural control (Experiment B), table tennis, football experiment group and the two Compared with the control group, there is a statistical difference in the data change of the percentage of the contact area of the heel area only, and it is opposite to the change in the "experimental A". At the same time, after the experiment, the variation of the mean value of the peak stress index of the table tennis and the football experiment group is the opposite, but the difference between the experimental group and the experimental group is the opposite. There was no statistical significance. The data of the maximum isometric contraction of the hip, knee and ankle in the lower extremities showed that there were no statistical changes in the two experimental groups before and after the experiment. Conclusion: 1. This study proved that in the process of long term single skill acquisition, the anti reused joints would appear fixed active and antagonist muscles. The change of synergetic contraction patterns and maximum isometric muscle strength, triggering action compensation caused by limited or unbalanced advance movements, which leads to the occurrence of abnormal posture control, given that the cause of the abnormality comes from the acquisition process of the action skill rather than the congenital genetic factors or the acquired disease, injury, and environmental pressure. As a result,.2 is defined as a "acquired postural control anomaly". On the basis of the analysis of the causes of the abnormal acquisition of acquired postural control, the change of the cooperative contraction mode of the joint muscle group based on the principle of "interaction inhibition" is confirmed by experiments (first restraining the activity of the same joint active muscle, and then promoting the contractile activity of the antagonist muscle, " After completing the resistance and contractile activity of the antagonist muscle, and thus promoting the formation of normal posture control,.3 is an important factor affecting the abnormal adjustment of the postural control in children, and the abnormal body posture is an important aspect of the normal physical development of the body. The ability of controlling the posture of school age children (about 7 years old) is not mature yet. In physical and health assessment, it is necessary to pay attention to the assessment of the ability of the posture control.4. The foot pressure test and gait analysis can help to reveal the relationship between the foot structure and the change of body and posture, which is of great significance to the assessment of the physical and mental health of the young people in China.
【学位授予单位】：首都体育学院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G613.7
本文编号：2154944
[Abstract]:Postural control is one of the basic sports abilities of human beings. Human beings maintain the relationship between the center of gravity and the support surface through the posture control, and make the body restore or maintain the balance in order to prevent the fall and complete the established task. The sensitive period of the development of the large muscle movement is also the unstable period of the postural control function development. Postures directly affect the normal physical development of children and the formation of the image of good temperament. However, the assessment of the physical health of children is generally based on the national standard of physical health of the national students, and the assessment of body posture is not included. The relationship between them, and the experimental verification of the abnormal posture control caused by the acquisition of single action skills, and confirmed that the change of the cooperative contraction mode of the joint muscle group is an important influence factor of the abnormal adjustment of the postural control of the children, and then puts forward the implementation strategy of the action skill teaching in the children's physical education and health course. The method of presentation, interview and investigation, experimental research, mathematical statistics, and logical analysis were used to study the group of school-age children selected. Two kinds of single factor pre test intervention experiments were designed in groups for 12 weeks, and the body posture was used to determine the body posture of the subjects; the portable muscle strength and joint mobility test were used. The flexion and flexion of the knee joint, flexion, extension, flexion of the knee joint, the maximum isometric muscle strength of the metatarsal flexion were tested, and the Belgian Footscan plate pressure measurement system was selected to test the foot pressure and gait data in the body walking and the Y Balance Test balance test instrument to measure the limb joint activity and the number of limbs symmetries According to the statistical analysis of the above data, the phenomenon of "abnormality of acquired posture control" in the growth and development of children was verified. Then the action pattern practice based on the principle of "interaction inhibition" was used to compare and analyze the effect of movement intervention on two experimental groups in "experimental A". Results: 1, single motion. The effect of skill acquisition on children's ability to control postural control (Experiment A), table tennis, football experimental group compared with the control group, after the experiment, the peak pressure of the foot, the area of the foot, the step of the gait period (the support period, the swing period, the double support period), the step length, the foot period, the foot period, the full foot support period, the foot in the foreground period, etc. The changes in the index data showed statistical differences. The "body posture" test data showed that the two experimental groups did not have statistical changes in the skeletal muscle system structure after the experiment, and the corrective action exercises were verified by the corrective action exercises on the improvement of children's acquired postural control (Experiment B), table tennis, football experiment group and the two Compared with the control group, there is a statistical difference in the data change of the percentage of the contact area of the heel area only, and it is opposite to the change in the "experimental A". At the same time, after the experiment, the variation of the mean value of the peak stress index of the table tennis and the football experiment group is the opposite, but the difference between the experimental group and the experimental group is the opposite. There was no statistical significance. The data of the maximum isometric contraction of the hip, knee and ankle in the lower extremities showed that there were no statistical changes in the two experimental groups before and after the experiment. Conclusion: 1. This study proved that in the process of long term single skill acquisition, the anti reused joints would appear fixed active and antagonist muscles. The change of synergetic contraction patterns and maximum isometric muscle strength, triggering action compensation caused by limited or unbalanced advance movements, which leads to the occurrence of abnormal posture control, given that the cause of the abnormality comes from the acquisition process of the action skill rather than the congenital genetic factors or the acquired disease, injury, and environmental pressure. As a result,.2 is defined as a "acquired postural control anomaly". On the basis of the analysis of the causes of the abnormal acquisition of acquired postural control, the change of the cooperative contraction mode of the joint muscle group based on the principle of "interaction inhibition" is confirmed by experiments (first restraining the activity of the same joint active muscle, and then promoting the contractile activity of the antagonist muscle, " After completing the resistance and contractile activity of the antagonist muscle, and thus promoting the formation of normal posture control,.3 is an important factor affecting the abnormal adjustment of the postural control in children, and the abnormal body posture is an important aspect of the normal physical development of the body. The ability of controlling the posture of school age children (about 7 years old) is not mature yet. In physical and health assessment, it is necessary to pay attention to the assessment of the ability of the posture control.4. The foot pressure test and gait analysis can help to reveal the relationship between the foot structure and the change of body and posture, which is of great significance to the assessment of the physical and mental health of the young people in China.
【学位授予单位】：首都体育学院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G613.7
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