跨太平洋伙伴关系协定中的超TRIPS条款将怎样影响公共健康

发布时间：2018-06-03 18:35

  本文选题：TPP协定 + TRIPS协定　； 参考：《南京大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：近些年,双边和多边自由贸易协定的兴起反映了发达国家意图制定新的规则来实现它们在新时期下国际贸易和投资环境中的国家利益。在这种背景下,《跨太平洋伙伴关系协定》(TPP)逐渐形成并成为一个典型的自贸协定,而这个协定比起一般的自贸协定来说,包含了更广泛的领域、具有更高的国际标准并囊括了更多的国家。TPP协定的内容远远超出了世界贸易组织所规定的标准,其中的新规定涉及到电子商务、对外国投资者的待遇、对知识产权的更全面的保护、劳工法以及有关国有企业的中立协议。在这些领域中,TPP的知识产权章节试图将知识产权的保护程度提升到一个比《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》(TRIPS)更严格的水平,进而引发了 TPP成员国之间在谈判中的争议,这些争议又扩散到整个国际范围之中并引起了国际社会广泛的重视。TPP中的这些条款之所以被称为超TRIPS条款是因为它们削弱了 TRIPS中保障发展中国家和最不发达国家利益而实施的"灵活性"以及"特殊和差别待遇"原则的作用。这些超TRIPS条款的出现持续引发了关于是否应该扩大专利范围和延长专利保护期来加强药品专利保护的讨论。在某种程度上,TPP通过规定高水平的知识产权保护条款确实可以促进药品行业的研究和发展。然而,更多的数据专有权利、产生"长青"专利可能性的提升以及专利授予和市场许可过程中的不合理延迟等规定都遭受到了广泛的批判。因此,TPP协定被认为通过拖延仿制药的市场竞争从而剥夺人们得到充分治疗的机会,特别是在那些主要依赖仿制药来治疗病人的发展中国家。本文基于TPP协定与TRIPS协定法律文本的比较、各种政策与策略的解释分析、不同国家制药行业的案例研究、成功的国家经验以及不同国家制定的对抗措施,来解释TPP知识产权章节中的这些规定为什么会与TRIPS协定和《多哈宣言》中关于平衡药品专利权和公共健康的规定不一致。本文也会通过一些有关文化、伦理以及哲学的新视角来重新审视知识产权保护,以期寻找处理药品专利权与公共健康冲突的新途径。本文共通过七个部分来说明TPP协定对公共健康的影响以及处理这些问题的潜在方法。第一部分简要介绍了 TPP协定的形成背景、论文研究的相关方法和总体框架。第二部分是关于TPP协定的评价以及对其负面影响不同解决途径的学术研究现状。第三部分阐述了关于知识产权、健康权、人权、药品专利、制药行业以及药物可获得性等方面的重要内容。第四部分通过对TPP协定的文本解释和政策分析来研究它的知识产权条款,并与TRIPS协定中的相关规定进行了比较。第五部分重点介绍了有关TRIPS协定和药品专利领域的最重要的并具有代表性的争议的案例研究,以及一些解决国内制药行业垄断和药品可获得性问题的国内经验和成果。第六部分讨论了解决药品专利保护与公共健康冲突的现有途径和新途径。第七部分基于之前部分的研究与分析最后得出有关TPP对于公共健康影响的综合建议,以及关于解决此问题的未来的关注点与展望。
[Abstract]:In recent years, the rise of bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements reflects the intention of developed countries to formulate new rules to achieve their national interests in the international trade and investment environment in the new era. In this context, the trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) is gradually formed and become a typical free trade agreement, and the agreement is compared. In general, the FTA includes a wider range of areas, with higher international standards and encompassing more national.TPP agreements far beyond the standards set by the world trade organization, which are related to e-commerce, foreign investors, more comprehensive protection of intellectual property, and labour law. In these areas, TPP's intellectual property chapter attempts to upgrade the protection of intellectual property to a more stringent level than the trade related intellectual property agreement (TRIPS), which has led to a dispute over the negotiations between the members of the TPP, which spread to the entire international scope. It has also led to the extensive attention of the international community to the fact that these clauses in.TPP are called super TRIPS terms because they weaken the "flexibility" and the "special and differential treatment" principle in the protection of the interests of the developing countries and the least developed countries in TRIPS. Whether the scope of the patent should be expanded and the duration of the patent protection should be extended to strengthen the discussion on the protection of drug patents. To some extent, TPP can indeed promote the research and development of the pharmaceutical industry through the provision of a high level of intellectual property protection provisions. However, more proprietary rights of the data, the promotion of the possibility of "Changqing" patent and the granting of patents The TPP agreement is considered to deprive people of full treatment by delaying the market competition of generic drugs, especially in the developing countries that are mainly dependent on generic drugs to treat patients. This article is based on the TPP agreement and the TRIPS agreement. The comparison of legal texts, the interpretation of various policies and strategies, case studies of the pharmaceutical industry in different countries, successful national experience and the countermeasures made by different countries to explain why these provisions in the TPP intellectual property chapter are related to the balance of drug patents and public health in the TRIPS agreement and the Doha declaration. This article will also review intellectual property protection through a number of new perspectives on culture, ethics and philosophy, with a view to finding new ways to deal with the conflict between patent rights and public health. This paper, through seven parts, illustrates the impact of the TPP agreement on public health and the potential ways to deal with these problems. The part briefly introduces the background of the TPP agreement, the relevant methods and the overall framework of the study. The second part is about the evaluation of the TPP agreement and the current status of academic research on its negative effects on different solutions. The third part expounds the availability of intellectual property, health rights, human rights, drug patents, pharmaceutical industries and drug availability. The fourth part studies its intellectual property terms through the text interpretation and policy analysis of the TPP agreement, and compares it with the relevant provisions in the TRIPS agreement. The fifth part focuses on the case studies on the most important and representative disputes in the field of TRIPS agreements and drug patents, and Some domestic experiences and achievements in solving the problem of monopoly and drug availability in the domestic pharmaceutical industry. The sixth part discussed the existing ways and new ways to solve the conflict between drug patent protection and public health. The seventh part, based on the previous part of the study and analysis, finally drew a comprehensive suggestion about the impact of TPP on public health, and Future concerns and prospects for solving this problem.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D996.1
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本文编号：1973779