世界工业革命的缘起、历程与趋势

发布时间：2018-05-02 19:03

本文选题：工业革命 + 生存方式　；参考：《南京政治学院学报》2015年01期

【摘要】：工业革命是人类发展历史上最辉煌的财富创造时期,对于人类最伟大的贡献,是使工业成为科技创新的实现载体和必备工具。在人类发展的全部历史上没有任何一个事件或经济社会现象的重要性可以同工业革命的意义相比拟。工业革命自英国发源以来,以机器代替人工,以煤炭为主要燃料的蒸汽机代替人力、畜力等,体现了技术进步方向,工业生产成为人类创造物质财富的主要方式。第二次工业革命的代表性工业技术是电力和内燃机的广泛应用,为"石油时代"和"汽车时代"的到来提供了物质技术条件。进入20世纪中叶,尤其是第二次世界大战后,人类开始了世界性的工业革命浪潮:一方面,众多发展中国家开始了加速工业化进程,成为新兴工业国;另一方面,以美国为首的先进工业国开始了以高科技革命为基础的"第三次工业革命"。近年来,德国等欧洲国家又提出"第四次工业革命"的预言。工业革命决定了人类社会的生存、生产和生活方式,工业革命后所创造的物质财富超过之前人类历史所创造的全部劳动成果。工业具有强大的创造力,工业革命可以使工业因素渗透到几乎一切领域,使人类生活的各个领域都"工业化"。人类最伟大的科学发现、技术发明,以至于人类任何杰出想象力的实现,都要以工业为基础和手段。工业革命也是人类最伟大的民生事业进步。工业革命之后的社会进入有史以来最安全、最清洁、最长寿的时代。当然,工业革命也具有毁灭性,不仅是熊彼特所说的技术创新的"创造性毁灭",而且可能是战争的毁灭和环境生态的毁灭,即战争工业化和环境工业化。总之,工业革命是人类想象力和创造力所展现的最伟大的历史成就和影响最深远的发展飞跃。
[Abstract]:The Industrial Revolution is the most brilliant period of wealth creation in the history of human development, the greatest contribution to mankind, and the necessary tool to make industry become the carrier of scientific and technological innovation. In the entire history of human development, no event or economic and social phenomenon can be compared with the significance of the Industrial Revolution. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution in England, machines have been used to replace labor and steam engines with coal as the main fuel to replace manpower and animal power, which reflect the direction of technological progress. Industrial production has become the main way for human beings to create material wealth. The representative industrial technology of the second industrial revolution is the extensive application of electric power and internal combustion engine, which provides material and technical conditions for the arrival of "petroleum age" and "automobile age". In the middle of the 20th century, especially after the second World War, mankind began a worldwide wave of industrial revolution: on the one hand, many developing countries began to accelerate the process of industrialization, becoming new industrial countries; on the other hand, The advanced industrial countries led by the United States began the third Industrial Revolution based on the high-tech revolution. In recent years, Germany and other European countries put forward the "fourth Industrial Revolution" prophecy. The industrial revolution has determined the survival, production and life style of human society. The material wealth created after the industrial revolution is more than all the labor achievements created by human history before. Industry has strong creativity, industrial revolution can make industrial factors permeate almost all fields, so that all fields of human life are "industrialized". Mankind's greatest scientific discoveries, technological inventions, so that the realization of any outstanding human imagination, are based on industry and means. The industrial revolution is also the greatest progress of human livelihood. Society after the Industrial Revolution entered the safest, cleanest and longest-lived era of all time. Of course, the industrial revolution is also destructive, not only the "creative destruction" of technological innovation as Schumpeter calls it, but also the destruction of war and the destruction of the environment and ecology, that is, the industrialization of war and the industrialization of the environment. In short, the Industrial Revolution was the greatest historical achievement and the most far-reaching leap in human imagination and creativity.
【作者单位】：中国社会科学院;
【分类号】：F419

【共引文献】