村镇银行差异化监管制度研究

发布时间：2017-12-31 00:48

本文关键词：村镇银行差异化监管制度研究　出处：《西南财经大学》2014年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：村镇银行作为具有中国特色的金融机构,自2007年在四川仪陇创设全国第一家以来,发展非常迅速。截止2013年底,全国已开设1071家村镇银行,资产规模达到6289亿元,成为近年来我国银行体系中发展最快的一类机构。虽然村镇银行作为我国一项重要的金融创新取得了令世人瞩目的成就,但近几年也开始显现一些问题,因而在即将推行对中小银行具有较强负面效应的利率市场化改革举措之前,对村镇银行存在的问题从监管制度的视角进行梳理和检视,无疑是合适和必要的。正基于此,本文拟以村镇银行差异化监管的制度创新为中心和视角,全面审视我国村镇银行的发展现状和路径,并在此基础上,提出完善我国村镇银行差异化监管的制度设计和对策建议。全文分为导论和6章,主要包括以下内容。在导论部分,首先提出本文将要研究和尝试解决的问题——为什么要对村镇银行进行差异化监管,如何在现有统一监管框架下构建差异化监管制度。问题的产生源于三个方面：统一监管规则与村镇银行独特性的冲突,村镇银行监管的稳定性、效率性和公平性多元化目标的平衡和冲突,东西部村镇银行经营环境差异与统一监管规则的矛盾。并通过对国内外村镇银行已有研究成果的梳理,找到相对比较薄弱并且适合本文切入的研究方向——村镇银行差异化监管制度。第一章是对农村金融监管实践的回顾和理论评析。通过对我国农村金融发展沿革的梳理和我国农村金融体系现状的剖析,辨明我国农村金融二元结构产生的原因和不断强化的机理。对比分析了我国农村金融需求限制和供给限制及两者共同作用下的供给总量不足和供求结构错位,为村镇银行主要定位于农户和农村小微企业的功能设计找到现实支撑。将农村金融发展理论和农村金融审慎监管理论结合起来,由农村金融市场的特殊性导出农村金融监管的特殊性,在前人已有丰富实践经验与理论总结的基础上,探寻如何动态地选择适当的政府干预特别是监管干预政策,最大限度地平衡金融市场失灵和政府规制失灵问题,为后续对村镇银行差异化监管制度设计的研究提供总体性的理论基石和制度导引。第二章是对村镇银行运行现状及村镇银行监管制度安排的实证调研与剖析。对现行监管政策指引和相关配套政策中最不利于村镇银行实现稳健经营和增加农村金融供给的部分进行了检讨,表述了在财政、货币等相关政策不配套的情况下,银监会单极突进推动新生的村镇银行以商业性金融支农的无奈。并以全国首批村镇银行试点省份之一的S省36家村镇银行监管效果为样本,首次采用相关数据和图表直观地展示了村镇银行偏离市场定位的行为及与监管要求的矛盾冲突。第三章首次透过被广为诟病和质疑的村镇银行“不村镇”现象,对监管效果偏离的成因进行了较为深入的分析。笔者从村镇银行监管目标偏离的实例导入,以博弈论混合均衡模型分析了村镇银行“使命漂移”的原因,对制度设计中对其草根性和为农村提供金融服务自觉性的假定提出了质疑,运用监管博弈模型解构了监管与村镇银行之间的目标冲突及其行为博弈,指出不适当的监管标准设置和监管资源的匮乏,使得监管无力去改变个体的有限理性导致集体非理性的现象,无法抑制村镇银行的机会主义行为。第四章通过对美国社区银行、印度小额信贷机构和拉美国家微型金融机构的经营发展和监管制度的比较,借鉴其在采取具有针对性和差异化的监管制度,构建完备的法律体系,多种配套措施的协同创新,建立健全存款保险制度等扶持型监管政策、财政政策、货币政策和法律制度保障等方面促进本国小微金融机构发展,从而推动其为弱势群体提供均等化金融服务的良好做法和经验教训。笔者认为,规模较小的村镇银行与拉美的微型金融机构更相似,规模较大的村镇银行则与美国社区银行更贴近。因此用了较大篇幅详细介绍了这两类不同的机构及其监管模式。但在具体内容上,对美国社区银行的监管侧重于对监管架构和差异化监管政策的分析,对拉美国家微型金融机构的监管则侧重于贯穿整个监管流程的各类监管指标的设计和审慎监管标准的确定。而同为农业大国和发展中国家的印度的小额信贷机构与我国小额信贷公司有相似之处,其小额信贷危机及监管矛盾和困难对我国将来可能出现的小额公司转制村镇银行有前瞻性的启示。第五章是对村镇银行差异化监管的合理性分析。从村镇银行具有微型金融的特征出发,指出用基于传统商业银行的监管规则去要求村镇银行这类具有典型微型金融特征的机构是不适当的,用全国统一的村镇银行监管标准去对应因处于不同经济区域而具有不同业务结构和客户群体的村镇银行也是不适当的。同一监管规则要么导致村镇银行不断突破监管设定的底线,要么导致与其他商业银行同质化发展,要么退出规则设定的游戏,结果都是偏离社会目标。因此,应当对不同服务对象、不同区域、不同业务模式、不同发展阶段、不同风险偏好的银行机构实行差异化监管。第六章是本文的重点和结论——建立差异化的村镇银行监管制度。这种差异化主要体现在几个方面：一是根据村镇银行介于政策性银行与商业银行之间的特殊金融机构的法律性质,制定村镇银行的专项法律；并通过村镇银行法律体系的建立和健全,完善村镇银行监管权法律配置,确立银监会对村镇银行的核心监管地位,将对村镇银行的倾斜性扶持政策法律化,以保持政策稳定性与连续性。二是秉持有效监管的理念,合理确定村镇银行稳定性、效率性和公平性三大监管目标及目标顺序,关照参与者的决策集合,建立与村镇银行这一特殊金融机构相适应的监管框架和监管组织体系,使这一特殊监管客体的商业性经营行为与政策性目标相一致,从而以最低成本推动监管目标的实现。三是设计差异化的监管规则,从市场准入、公司治理到持续监管,都需要根据村镇银行的经营特征和风险特征制定宽严适度的监管规则,特别是在市场准入阶段,该严的必须严。通过建立村镇银行差异化监管制度,达到合理减轻村镇银行监管成本,促进村镇银行金融创新,推动农村金融市场结构升级的目的。本章也回应了村镇银行股权结构、公司治理、有限牌照、市场退出等当下热点问题。
[Abstract]:As a financial institution has China characteristics of village banks, since 2007 in Sichuan, Yilong to create the first, development is very rapid. By the end of 2013, the country has opened 1071 rural banks, asset size reached 628 billion 900 million yuan, become a kind of mechanism in recent years, China's banking system in the development of the fastest. Although rural banks as one of the most important financial innovation in China has made great achievements in the world, but in recent years have begun to appear some problems, so in the implementation of measures to reform of the interest rate market has a strong negative effect on small banks before the village bank problems from the regulatory system from the perspective of review and review, is undoubtedly appropriate and necessary. Based on this, this paper intends to institutional innovation of village bank supervision as the center and the differences in perspective, a comprehensive review of the development status and way of rural banks in our country and in diameter. On this basis, the system design and countermeasures are put forward to improve the differential supervision of village and town banks in China.
The full text is divided into introduction and 6 chapters, which mainly include the following.
In the introduction part, firstly put forward to study and try to solve the problem: why make differentiation supervision of the rural bank in this paper, how to construct the differentiated supervision system in the existing unified regulatory framework. The problem originates from three aspects: conflict rules and unified supervision of village bank in the town of uniqueness, stability of banking supervision the efficiency and equity diversification goal of balance and conflict, the contradiction between east village banks operating environment difference and unified supervision rules. And through the domestic and foreign rural bank existing research results of the sort, find relatively weak and suitable for this breakthrough research direction of rural banks differentiated supervision system.
The first chapter is the analysis and review of theory and practice of financial supervision in rural areas. Through the analysis on the development of China's rural finance and rural financial system combing the status quo, causes is China's rural financial structure of two yuan and the mechanism of strengthening. Comparative analysis of the dislocation restrictions and supply constraints and their interaction the insufficient supply of rural financial demand and supply structure of our country, rural banks mainly located in rural households and small and micro enterprises to find the real function design will support. The theory of rural finance development and rural financial prudential supervision theory combined by the particularity of the rural financial market of export of rural financial supervision, in the previous rich practical experience and theory on the basis of summing up, explore how to dynamically select the appropriate government intervention in particular regulatory intervention policy, the maximum horizon To balance the failure of financial market and the failure of government regulation, we will provide a theoretical basis and guidance for further research on the design of differentiated supervision system of village banks.
The second chapter is about the rural banks operating status and arrangement of supervision system of village banks. The empirical research and analysis of the current regulatory policy guidelines and related policies in the rural banks is not conducive to achieve stable operation and increase the supply of rural finance part of the review, stated in the financial, monetary and other related policies do not match the situation the CBRC single breakthrough to promote the new rural banks to commercial financial support for the helpless. And to the first town bank one of the pilot provinces of S Province, 36 rural banks supervision effect as the sample, used for the first time related data and charts visually demonstrate the village banks deviate from the market positioning and behavior and the regulatory requirements of the conflict.
The third chapter first through has been widely criticized and questioned the village bank "village" phenomenon, the causes of the regulatory effect of deviation is analyzed. The author from case lead from the object of supervision of village banks, analyzes the reasons of rural banks "mission drift" mixed equilibrium model based on game theory, the design of the system to the grassroots and provide financial services that the consciousness of questioning for rural areas, using the supervision game model deconstructs the game goal conflict and behavior between regulation and rural banks, pointed out that the lack of appropriate regulatory standard setting and regulatory resources, limited rationality makes supervision unable to change individual leads to collective irrational phenomena. Unable to restrain opportunism, rural banks.
The fourth chapter through the comparison of the American community banks, business development and supervision system of micro finance institutions microfinance institutions in India and Latin American countries, the reference in targeted and differentiated supervision system, building a complete legal system, a variety of measures to collaborative innovation, establish and perfect the system of deposit insurance and other support supervision policy, fiscal policy, monetary policy and legal protection system to promote development of small and micro finance institutions, so as to promote the lessons of experience and good practices to provide equal financial services for vulnerable groups. The author believes that micro finance institutions smaller rural banks and Latin America is more similar to the larger town bank with US community banks closer. Therefore the large part introduces these two different types of institutions and the supervision mode. But in terms of the content of the United States The bank supervision focuses on the analysis of the regulatory framework and regulatory policy differences, determine the standard of micro finance institutions in Latin American countries will focus on supervision throughout the regulatory process to design all kinds of regulatory indicators and prudential supervision. And microfinance institutions for agriculture and the development of China home in India is similar with China's microfinance company, the micro credit crisis and regulatory difficulties and contradictions of forward-looking enlightenment to rural microfinance companies in China bank restructuring may arise in the future.
The fifth chapter is to analyze the rationality of the regulation of rural banks differences. According to characteristic of village bank is the micro finance, pointed out that based on the traditional commercial bank regulatory rules to require rural bank which has typical characteristics of micro finance institutions is not appropriate, with a unified national banking supervision standard to correspond with different business structure and customer groups because of different economic regions in the village bank is not appropriate. The same rules or cause rural bank regulators continue to break the bottom line, or to other commercial banks and the development of homogenization, or exit rules of the game, the result is the deviation from the social goals. Therefore, it should be on the different service object, different regions, different business models, different stages of development, the implementation of differentiated supervision of banking institutions with different risk preferences.
The sixth chapter is the key and the conclusion of this paper: differences in the establishment of banking supervision system. This difference is mainly reflected in the following aspects: one is according to the legal nature of special financial institutions between rural banks between policy banks and commercial banks, the special laws of village banks; and through establishing and perfecting the legal system of rural banks the perfection of the legal supervision right allocation of village banks, the establishment of the CBRC of the village bank's core regulatory status, the tilt of the village bank policies to support the law, in order to maintain the continuity and stability of policy. Two is to uphold the effective supervision idea, reasonably determine the rural bank stability, efficiency and fairness of the three regulatory objectives and the target sequence, take care of the participants' decision-making set, establish and adapt to the special rural bank financial institutions regulatory framework and supervision organization system, The commercial operation behavior and policy objectives of this special supervision object is consistent, so as to promote the implementation of regulatory objectives at the lowest cost. The three is to design different regulatory rules from market access, corporate governance to continuous supervision, needs to establish a strict regulatory rules according to the operating characteristics and risk characteristics of rural banks in particular, in the phase of market access, the strict must be strict. Through the establishment of village banks differentiated supervision system, reasonably reduce the supervision cost of rural banks, rural banks to promote financial innovation, promote the upgrading of the structure of the rural financial market. This chapter also responded to the rural bank ownership structure, corporate governance, limited license to market from the current hot issues.

【学位授予单位】：西南财经大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F832.35

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