美国外商直接投资的空间分布特征研究

发布时间：2018-01-05 10:30

本文关键词：美国外商直接投资的空间分布特征研究　出处：《陕西师范大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：外商直接投资(Foreign Direct Investment)是经济全球化时代推动地区和世界经济发展的主要动力。美国作为全球最大的经济体,基础设施完善,金融市场发达,拥有全球领先的技术与研发能力,营商环境全球名列前茅,是目前为止最大的外商直接投资东道国。然而,中国对美国的直接投资则起步较晚,且初期投资规模小,但随着中国经济实力的增强和国际地位的不断提高,中国对美国的直接投资发展速度非常快,截至2012年中国对美国直接投资流量为40.48亿美元,美国成为中国企业对外直接投资的第二大目的地。另外,2013年中国对美国的直接投资已经超过了美国对中国的直接投资。尽管中国对美国的直接投资总量在快速增大,但由于美国国土幅员辽阔,各州的地理位置、自然环境以及社会、经济发展水平不平衡,使得各州的投资环境产生优劣分化,对外商直接投资的吸引力也参差不齐,因而导致美国外商直接投资在区域空间格局上产生动态变化。因此,研究美国的外商直接投资空间分布特征将尤为重要,特别是对中国对美国直接投资的区位选择提供参考。在阅读了大量有关外国对美国直接投资的中英文文献后,发现以往的研究均侧重于外国对美国直接投资的投资动机、投资方式、投资目的的研究,而对投资的区位决定因素,对空间分布特征的研究较少。因此,本文在对美国的外商直接投资发展历程进行全面梳理、总结的基础上,从空间的角度出发,采用定性与定量结合的分析方法,运用ArcGIS9.3对美国各州从外商直接投资比例、投资密度、人均投资额三个方面的外商直接投资空间分布图来反映美国各州的整体接受外资状况；然后以美国50个州和哥伦比亚特区为样本,结合已有文献中所选取的能够直接或间接反映美国外商直接投资环境的21个指标作为因变量,运用SPSS13.0软件进行主成分分析,最后在统计结果的基础上分析各主成分与外商直接投资区域之间的关系,并以此来探讨美国各州对外商直接投资的吸引力大小。研究结论如下： (1)美国的外商直接投资地域范围在不断地扩大,投资密度的州际间差距较大,且各州之间人均所接受的外商直接投资额分布很不均衡,差距较大。整体而言,美国外商直接投资总的空间分布特征大致以密西西比河为界,东、西对比明显,密西西比河以东地区投资比例高、密度大,人均投资额也相对较多；密西西比河以西地区各州投资差异较大,如加利福尼亚州、德克萨斯州的经济、科技等综合实力强,因而其获得的外商直接投资也比较多,而蒙大拿州、爱达荷州、怀俄明州因地处山区,经济相对落后,其获得的外商直接投资就比较少。所以,从美国各州外商直接投资比例、投资密度和人均投资额的空间分布特征可以得出：美国各州在吸引外商直接投资方面各有所长,每一个州因其独特的优势都可能成为外商直接投资的目的地。 (2)美国外商直接投资的空间分布主要集中在经济、科技实力强,市场广阔,社会稳定、消费能力高的沿海各州地区,主要是加利福尼亚州、纽约州、佛罗里达州等；而中北部地区、东北部沿海面积较小的州则对外国投资者吸引力较小。经济、科技实力是外国投资者对美国直接投资时的首选要素。加利福尼亚州、纽约州、伊利诺伊州、德克萨斯州的综合实力为最强,是外商直接投资者趋之若鹜的投资目的地。而那些面积较小、人口相对较少、经济实力强的各州成为外商直接投资者在美国的上乘之选。如阿拉斯加州、夏威夷州、纽约州等。社会稳定性在任何时候都是外商直接投资者都要考虑的因素,只有社会秩序良好、社会稳定,投资才会有保障。社会稳定性与州人均个人收入、州人均投资额、失业率呈负相关；且社会稳定性的波动性较大,不具有稳定性。因此,此因素对外商直接投资的影响较大,外商直接投资者在选择投资目的地时要格外慎重。 (3)中国对美国直接投资的空间分布大体与美国各州的综合实力排名分布趋同,与美国各州外商直接投资空间分布特征基本一致,大体呈现出由沿海向内陆、由西南向东北逐渐递减的趋势。即中国对美国的直接投资趋向于那些综合实力强,优势明显,开发历史早的州,如沿海的加利福尼亚州、德克萨斯州、五大湖周围的纽约州、密歇根州、伊利诺伊州等；内陆和山地区的爱达荷州、怀俄明州、北达科他州、南达科他州等交通不便利、经济相对落后,得到的直接投资额少。中国对美国直接投资的潜力巨大,尤其是在东南沿海的路易斯安那州、密西西比州及其北部的阿肯色州、田纳西州等州,它们的综合实力居于中等水平,但目前中国对其投资较少,因此可以成为今后中国投资美国所考虑的地区。
[Abstract]:Foreign direct investment (Foreign Direct Investment) is the main power to promote the economic development of the region and the world economic globalization era. The United States as the world's largest economy, infrastructure, financial markets have developed, technology and research and development ability of the leading global business environment, the best is by far the largest foreign direct investment in the host country. However Chinese, direct investment in the United States is late, and the initial investment in small scale, but with China economic strength and international status constantly improve, China of American direct investment, development speed is very fast, as of 2012 China on American direct investment of $4 billion 48 million, the United States as foreign direct investment China enterprises second big destination. In addition, in 2013 China direct investment in the United States has surpassed the United States for direct investment. Although China to Chinese American direct investment in the rapid increase, but because the United States has a vast territory, geographical location, natural environment and social and economic development level is not balanced, the state investment environment has the merits of differentiation, attractiveness to foreign direct investment is uneven, resulting in U.S. foreign direct investment have dynamic changes in regional space pattern. Therefore, it is very important to study the American FDI spatial distribution characteristics, especially to provide reference for Chinese on American FDI location choice.
After reading a lot about foreign direct investment in the United States in the English literature, found that previous studies have focused on foreign direct investment in the United States investment motivation, investment, research investment, and the investment location decision factors, the spatial distribution characteristics of the studies. Therefore, based on the United States Foreign Direct Investment in the development of comprehensive review, on the basis of summing up, starting from the perspective of spatial analysis, qualitative and quantitative methods combined with the use of ArcGIS9.3 to the United States of America from the proportion of foreign direct investment, investment density, three per capita investment of foreign direct investment to reflect the overall spatial distribution map of the United States to accept foreign status; then in 50 states and the District of Columbia as a sample, can be combined with selected literatures directly or indirectly reflect the U.S. foreign direct investment environment The 21 index as the dependent variable, principal component analysis was carried out using SPSS13.0 software, analyzing the relationship between the principal component and the foreign direct investment area finally on the basis of the statistical results, and to explore the United States FDI attraction. The research conclusions are as follows:
(1) the United States foreign direct investment in the region continues to expand, the investment gap density of interstate larger, and between states per capita accepted foreign direct investment distribution is very uneven, the gap larger. Overall, the distribution of foreign direct investment total space features roughly is bounded by the Mississippi River, East West, contrast, the proportion of investment in the east of the Mississippi River area, high density, per capita investment is relatively large; the investment between states west of the Mississippi River, such as California, Texas, economy, science and technology comprehensive strength, foreign direct investment and get more, and Montana, Idaho Wyoming, was located in the mountainous area, the economy is relatively backward, the foreign direct investment is relatively small. So, from the United States foreign direct investment ratio, investment density and per capita investment The spatial distribution characteristics of the amount can be obtained: the United States in attracting foreign direct investment in each state, each one has his good points, because of its unique advantages are likely to become foreign direct investment destination.
(2) the distribution of foreign direct investment space mainly in economy, science and technology strength, broad market, social stability, the high spending power of the coastal States area, mainly in California, New York, Florida, etc.; and in the north, northeast along the sea area is smaller, less attractive to foreign investors.
The economic, scientific and technological strength is the preferred elements of foreign investors direct investment in the United States. The state of California, New York, Illinois, Texas, comprehensive strength is the strongest, is foreign direct investment destination for investors in droves. And those smaller, less relative to the mouth, the economic strength of the state become foreign direct investors in the United States the best choice for California. Alaska, Hawaii, New York and so on.
Social stability is the factors of foreign direct investors to consider at any time, only a good social order, social stability, investment will be guaranteed. The per capita income of individual social stability and state, the state investment per capita, the unemployment rate is negatively related to social stability; and the high volatility is not stability. Therefore, the influence of the factors of foreign direct investment is large, investors in the choice of foreign direct investment destination should be particularly careful.
(3) China direct investment in the United States the spatial distribution of the comprehensive strength and the United States generally ranked distribution convergence, and the United States FDI spatial distribution characteristics are basically the same, generally show from coastal areas to inland, gradually decreasing trend from southwest to northeast. The Chinese direct investment in the United States tend to the comprehensive strength strong, have obvious advantages, the development history of early states, such as California, coastal Texas, the five great lakes around New York, Michigan, Illinois; inland and mountain regions of Idaho, Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, traffic is not convenient, the economy is relatively backward. Direct investment have less direct investment in the United States. China has great potential, especially in the southeast coast of Luis Anna S, Mississippi, and Northern Arkansas, Tennessee and other states, they The comprehensive strength is in the middle level, but the investment in China is less now, so it can be considered as the region for the future China to invest in the United States.

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F837.12;F832.6

【参考文献】