近代中国金融机构变迁研究

发布时间：2018-04-20 04:31

本文选题：近代中国金融机构 + 金融变迁　；参考：《山西财经大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：本文从金融功能演进的角度，讨论了1800-1937年中国金融机构的变迁问题，中心观点为：近代中国金融机构变迁是近代中国金融功能演进的产物，金融功能演进本质上是一个功能不断分化和实现的过程，这一过程中的基本运行机制是协调机制。对这一问题的研究主要基于两大目的。一是探明近代中国金融业不同发展阶段主要金融机构变迁的特点及其内在联系，以更好理解中国金融机构的变迁规律。二是在此基础上为我国银行业的当前和未来发展提供理论支持和历史借鉴。出于上述考虑，本文从理论推导和历史分析两个方面对近代中国金融机构的变迁进行了研究。理论推导方面，尝试把金融变迁与社会经济变迁原理结合起来予以研究，通过梳理社会变迁理论中功能、结构、能动性等概念，提炼出“功能是系统复杂性化简的内在需求，结构是这一需求的实际运作状态，功能是结构变化的内在机理”这一分析社会经济系统变迁的基本观点。在此基础之上解释了金融功能、金融功能的分化和实现、金融变迁等概念，分析了金融系统中功能和结构的关系、金融机构变迁的内在机理等重要问题，并对金融变迁相关理论进行了整合，提出了金融变迁的功能协调观点，认为金融功能本质上是对金融系统复杂性和不确定性的化简需求，它的演进过程就是这一化简需求的不断分化和实现过程，围绕功能的分化和实现，金融体系的各要素、各制度进行变迁，其变迁的核心运行机制是协调机制。作为金融要素或金融制度中的一种，金融机构变迁的内在机理也是围绕金融功能的分化，金融机构对这一分化的适应过程或动态协调过程，即金融功能的实现过程。本文也对引起功能分化和系统变迁的原始动因——能动性作了分析，认为一般情况下，自发性（诱致性）和计划性（强制性）两大动因共同作用于变迁过程，但在不同的阶段二者发挥的作用有所不同，有时自发性起主要作用，有时计划性起主要作用。按照金融功能协调观点，1800-1937年间的中国金融机构变迁也是一个对功能分化和实现的适应过程，从金融系统的服务对象看，金融功能的大致演进顺序为：商业金融服务-政府金融服务-工业金融服务，具体可分为三个阶段进行考察。第一阶段1800-1840年，以金融机构的成长为主线展开分析。市场自发性动因——长途大宗商品贸易量的增加和复杂混乱的货币制度，共同推动商业金融服务功能从传统农业社会的经济体系中分化出来，围绕这一功能的实现，国内金融机构不断成长壮大。票号、钱庄通过货币兑换服务、以票代银等业务创新，满足了本阶段金融功能的需求，成为国内金融业中的翘楚。同时，兼营金融业务的外国洋行也开始为商业资金的国际流动提供便利。第二阶段1841-1894年，以金融机构的蜕变为主线展开分析。从地域上看，随着通商口岸的增多和中国半殖民地社会性质的加深，这一阶段的金融功能首先分化为口岸和内地商埠两大部分，每一部分功能需求的内容有所不同。内地的金融功能仍以传统农业社会为基础，市场放诱致长途贸易中的商业资金流动和信用规模进一步增大，钱庄和票号的商业金融服务功能继续扩展，与此同时，口岸的金融功能已经开始向工业社会转变，来自外国势力的强制性作用和本国政府的制度变革对金融系统的影响逐步增强，因此分化出新的金融功能需求——诱致性政府金融服务功能和强制性工业金融服务功能。在两大新功能的实现上，金融机构表现出不同的适应力，，票号在政府金融服务功能的实现方面发挥了重要作用，但工业金融服务功能的实现，主要依靠外国银行和政府直接投资。尽管如此，票号、钱庄、外国银行在不同的功能竞合与实现过程中形成了各自的优势，并能相互补充和支持，共同推动了金融业的整体平稳发展。第三阶段1895-1937年，以金融机构的转型为主线展开分析。这一阶段近代中国金融体系的现代因素大大增强，主要表现为政府干预经济力度大大增强，民族工商业资本和国有工商业资本快速发展，功能分化与此相一致，政府金融服务功能出现由诱致性向强制性转变的趋势，而工商业金融服务功能中的诱致性力量在增强。这一阶段金融机构的功能实现呈现出不同特点，围绕基于诱致性的传统商业金融服务功能的实现，钱庄、票号等金融机构形成了被动适应的偏好，而更偏重计划性或强制性的政府金融服务功能和工业金融服务功能的实现，则对金融机构提出更高的主动创新要求形态。围绕这些功能的分化和实现，金融机构表现出多线变迁形态。票号因与外部社会变动协调失败而导致功能实现受阻，钱庄的功能实现一度出现波折，虽由于调整及时因而继续发展，但在金融业中的地位发生重大变动，更能满足政府和工业金融服务功能需求的银行取代钱庄成为金融业的主导力量。特别是随着政府对金融的控制逐步加强，官办银行于20世纪30年代后期基本垄断了国内金融市场。另外，由于政府的合理干预，金融业的整体功能得到提升，抵御风险的能力比过去大大增强。鉴于政府在中国近代化进程中的重要角色，本文对政府在金融功能实现过程中的作用及其实现方式作了理论探讨，并结合近代中国政府干预金融的实际对制度创新与金融机构变迁的关系也作了分析。通过以上研究，本文认为：第一，金融变迁首先是一个主要由能动性引起的金融功能演进过程，演进应指金融功能的分化和实现，包括金融机构在内的金融各要素变迁都是这一过程的产物和表现。第二，金融机构的变迁原理应建立在以金融功能为基本分析视角的金融协调机制之上，通过功能实现这一动态过程来衡量金融系统内部和外部的协调度，同样通过功能实现来考察各种能动性变化和金融变迁的复杂关系，在此功能视角下，金融机构的兴衰就取决于其对功能的适应性及其效率，机构适应性强，发展稳定；机构适应性弱，则被淘汰。第三，近代中国金融机构的功能演进过程大致可以概括为：商业金融服务-政府金融服务-工业金融服务，前后功能之间不是替代关系，而是分化和递进关系。这些功能的实现既依赖于机构的自身创新，也依赖于政府的制度创新。第四，近代中国金融功能需求与机构、制度的协调关系呈现出由机构、制度的被动跟随向机构、制度的主动供应转变的趋势，但这一过程较为缓慢，其主要原因在于政府制度供给严重滞后于时代要求，因此，政府的制度安排在中国近代金融机构的转型过程中扮演关键角色。本文的创新主要有四点。一是提出了金融功能的本质是金融系统的复杂性化简需求这一论断。通过梳理社会变迁一般原理，把系统复杂性与功能的本质引入金融功能论，功能只代表一种潜在的复杂性化简需求，结构，即功能实现，才是这一需求的实际运作状态，进一步加深了对金融结构与金融功能二者关系的认识。二是以金融功能实现为核心概念提出了新的金融变迁机制——功能协调机制。金融变迁或机构变迁就是金融功能的实现过程，在这一过程中，是否有利于金融资源的便利流动和配置是衡量金融内部诸要素之间及金融与社会、经济之间协调度的最核心标准，进一步丰富了金融运行的内外协调机制。三是提出政府的制度创新是推动近代中国金融功能演进和实现的最重要外部力量这一论断。运用金融功能协调的观点对近代中国金融机构变迁中金融功能实现、不能实现或实现不畅等变化作了分析，分析表明近代中国金融机构的功能实现经历了一个从被动跟随向主动供应逐步转变的过程，但推动这一转变的主角是政府，政府的金融制度安排或制度创新成为中国金融业整体功能提升的关键。四是提出近代中国金融机构在功能实现中的能动性具有被动适应的特点。这一特点对主动性要求较弱的商业金融服务功能和政府金融服务功能的实现尚不构成阻碍，但极不利于对主动性要求较高的工业金融服务功能的实现，因此，提高中国金融机构的竞争力首先要解决如何由被动追随功能需求向主动供应功能需求转变的问题。本文的不足之处为，一是在分析金融功能时提出了复杂性概念，但在分析其的具体形成机制、与金融各要素的具体关系等问题上着墨不多，需作进一步探讨；二是在分析近代中国金融机构变迁的过程时，从功能角度对金融工具、金融机构、金融市场三者之间的协调运行关系考察力度不够，以上不足有待在今后的研究中予以补充和完善。
[Abstract]:From the perspective of financial function evolution, this paper discusses the changes of China's financial institutions for 1800-1937 years. The central point of view is that the change of modern China's financial institutions is the product of the evolution of modern China's financial function, and the evolution of financial function is essentially a process of continuous differentiation and realization. The basic operating mechanism in this process is the association. The study of this problem is based on two main purposes. One is to explore the characteristics and internal relations of the changes of the main financial institutions in the different stages of the development of modern China's financial industry in order to better understand the changing rules of the Chinese financial institutions. Two, on this basis, provide theoretical support and calendar for the current and future development of China's banking industry. The history of learning.
From the above considerations, this paper studies the changes of modern China's financial institutions from two aspects of theoretical deduction and historical analysis. In the theoretical deduction, we try to combine the financial vicissitude with the social and economic change principles to study the concepts of energy, structure and activity in the theory of social change, and extract the "function" The internal demand of system complexity simplification, structure is the actual operation state of this demand, function is the internal mechanism of structure change, the basic viewpoint of analyzing the changes of social and economic system. On this basis, it explains the concept of financial function, financial function differentiation and realization, gold melting change and so on, analyzes the function of the financial system and the function of the financial system. The relationship between the structure and the internal mechanism of the financial institution changes, and the integration of the related theories of financial changes, and the functional coordination view of the financial change is put forward. It is believed that the financial function is essentially a simplified demand for the complexity and uncertainty of the financial system, and its evolution process is the continuous differentiation of this simple demand. The realization process, around the differentiation and Realization of the function, changes all the elements of the financial system and the system of the financial system, and the core operation mechanism of the change is the coordination mechanism. As one of the financial elements or the financial system, the internal mechanism of the changes of financial institutions is also around the differentiation of financial functions, and the adaptation process or movement of the financial institutions to this differentiation. The process of state coordination is the realization of financial function. In this paper, the original motivation of functional differentiation and system change is analyzed. In general, the two major motivations of spontaneity (induced) and planned (mandatory) play a common role in the process of change, but the role of the two in different stages is different. Spontaneity plays a major role and sometimes planning plays a major role.
According to the coordination view of financial function, the change of Chinese financial institutions in the past 1800-1937 years is also a process of adaptation to function differentiation and realization. From the object of financial system, the general evolution order of financial function is commercial financial service - government financial service - industrial finance service, which can be divided into three stages. In the first 1800-1840 years, the growth of financial institutions is the main line of analysis. The motivation of the market spontaneity - the increase of the volume of long - distance commodity trade and the complicated and chaotic monetary system, promote the function of commercial finance to differentiate from the traditional agricultural society, and the realization of this function, the domestic financial institutions are not In the second phase and 1841-1894 years, the second stage of the transformation of financial institutions. From the regional perspective, with the increase of the trade ports and the deepening of the social nature of the semi colonies in China, the financial function of this stage is first divided into two parts of the port and the mainland commercial port, and the content of each part of the functional demand is different. The financial work of the mainland can still be based on the traditional agricultural society and the market is induced. The commercial financial flow and credit scale of the long distance trade have increased further. The commercial financial service functions of the banks and the ticket numbers continue to expand. At the same time, the financial functions of the ports have begun to change to the industrial society. The mandatory role of foreign forces and the institutional change of their own governments have gradually increased to the financial system. This divides the new financial function demand - the induced government financial service function and the mandatory industrial financial service function. In the realization of the two new functions, the financial institutions show different adaptations. The ticket number has played an important role in the realization of the government financial service function, but the realization of the function of industrial finance service is mainly based on the realization of the function of the industrial financial service. In spite of this, the votes, banks, and foreign banks have formed their own advantages in the process of competing and realizing different functions, and they can complement and support each other and jointly promote the smooth development of the financial industry. In the third stage and 1895-1937 years, the analysis of the transformation of financial institutions as the main line is carried out. The modern factors of the modern Chinese financial system have been greatly enhanced. The main manifestation is that the government intervenes in the economy greatly, the national industrial and commercial capital and the state-owned industrial and commercial capital are developing rapidly, the function differentiation is consistent with this, the government financial service function has the tendency to change from the induced to the mandatory, and the function of industrial and commercial financial services. In this stage, the function of the financial institutions has different characteristics, and the financial institutions, such as the banks and the ticket numbers, have formed a passive preference around the realization of the traditional commercial financial services based on the inducement, and more focused on the planned or mandatory government financial service functions and the industrial financial service functions. In order to realize it, the financial institutions have a higher request form of initiative innovation. Around the differentiation and Realization of these functions, the financial institutions show a multi line change form. The ticket number is hindered by the failure of the coordination with the external social changes. The status of the financial industry has changed greatly, and the bank that is more able to meet the needs of the government and industrial financial services has become the dominant force in the financial industry. In particular, with the gradual strengthening of the government's financial control, the official banks have monopolized the domestic financial market in the late 1930s. In addition, the government's rational work has been done. In advance, the overall function of the financial industry has been enhanced, and the ability to resist risks has been greatly enhanced.
In view of the important role of the government in the process of China's modernization, this paper makes a theoretical discussion on the role of the government in the realization of financial function and the way of its realization, and analyzes the relationship between institutional innovation and the change of financial institutions in combination with the reality of modern Chinese government intervention in finance.
Through the above research, this paper holds that first, the financial change is first a process of financial function evolution, which is mainly caused by activity. The evolution should refer to the differentiation and Realization of financial function, and the change of financial elements, including financial institutions, is the product and performance of this process. Second, the principle of change of financial institutions should be established in order to The financial function is based on the financial coordination mechanism of the basic analysis perspective. The dynamic process is realized by function to measure the internal and external coordination degree of the financial system, and the complex relationship of various dynamic changes and financial changes is examined through functional realization. The rise and fall of financial institutions depends on its function under this functional perspective. Adaptability and efficiency, institutional adaptability, stable development and weak institutional adaptability are eliminated. Third, the process of the function evolution of modern Chinese financial institutions can be roughly summed up as commercial financial services - government financial services - industrial financial services, and no alternative relations between front and back functions, but differentiation and progressive relations. The realization of energy depends not only on the innovation of the organization itself, but also on the institutional innovation of the government. Fourth, the coordination relationship between the financial function demand of modern China and institutions and institutions shows the trend of changing the active supply of institutions, institutions and institutions, but the process is slow, and the main reason is the supply of government system. Seriously lagging behind the requirements of the times, the government's institutional arrangements play a key role in the transformation of financial institutions in modern China.
There are four main innovations in this paper. First, the essence of the financial function is that the complexity of the financial system is simple and simple. By combing the general principle of social change, the essence of the system complexity and function is introduced into the financial function theory, and the function represents only a potential complex simplification requirement, and the structure, that is, the function realization, is this The actual operating state of the demand further deepens the understanding of the relationship between the financial structure and the financial function two. Two is a new financial change mechanism, the function coordination mechanism, which is the core concept of financial function realization. Financial change or institutional change is the actual process of financial function. In this process, whether it is beneficial to gold The convenient flow and allocation of resources is the most important criterion for measuring the internal factors of Finance and the coordination between finance and society and the economy, and further enriches the internal and external coordination mechanism of financial operation. Three it is the conclusion that the institutional innovation of the government is the most important external force to promote and realize the financial function of modern China. Using the view of financial function coordination, this paper analyzes the changes of financial function in modern China's financial institutions, which can not be realized or realized. The analysis shows that the function realization of modern Chinese financial institutions has experienced a gradual transition from passive following to active supply, but the leading role of the transformation is the government. The financial institutional arrangement or institutional innovation of the government has become the key to the promotion of the overall function of the Chinese financial industry. Four it is the characteristic that the activity of the modern Chinese financial institutions has a passive adaptation in the realization of the function. This characteristic does not yet constitute a hindrance to the commercial financial service function of the initiative and the realization of the government's financial service function. But it is not conducive to the realization of the industrial financial service function which requires higher initiative. Therefore, to improve the competitiveness of China's financial institutions, it is necessary to solve the problem of how to change the demand from the passive following functional demand to the active supply of functional demand. The analysis of the specific mechanism of its formation and the specific relationship between the financial elements and other issues should be further discussed. Two, in the analysis of the process of the changes in modern China's financial institutions, the coordination of the coordination between the financial instruments, financial institutions and the financial markets from the functional angle is not enough. It will be supplemented and perfected in future research.

【学位授予单位】：山西财经大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F832.9

【参考文献】