自由贸易协定中的环境条款研究

发布时间：2018-06-24 09:21

本文选题：贸易自由化 + 环境条款　；参考：《安徽大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：人类是环境发展变化的产物,而环境又是人类赖以生存和发展的物质基础和载体。自有人类,其便与自然形成了一个互相作用的生态系统,并于数千年的进化发展中达到了一个非博弈的纳什均衡状态。我们目前已经为曾经对环境所实施的很多巨大的破坏行为付出了惨痛的代价,人类的生存发展正面临空前的环境威胁也自是不言而喻,由此可见在可持续发展原则指引下实施行之有效保护环境的措施是很有必要的。在自由贸易协定中纳入环境保护条款是大势所趋势在必行的,贸易自由化和环境保护的相互影响日益密切,同时国际环境保护规则与自由贸易协定两类法规的交叉制约也愈加深入复杂,使得研究自由贸易协定中的环境问题显得十分重要。加之多边贸易体制中迟迟未纳入环境条款,因而发达国家转而在自由贸易协定中推动规制环境问题,从而进行了很多的有益尝试。在自由贸易化的今天,如何将环境条款纳入自贸协定中,协调好贸易与环境利益之间产生的冲突,确保其中的环境条款能真正发挥作用,这无疑是重中之重。在纳入环境条款时,我们又要考虑到以何种模式进行规定、规定哪些内容才足以使维护贸易发展和保护环境并驾齐驱。纵观现有的自由贸易协定,其环境条款的模式有序言条款、例外条款、专门条款和附属协议四种。每一种都有所长有所短,也都有国家予以采用,有单独适用其中一种的,有综合交叉适用几种的。目前来说当以北美自由贸易协定相对来说最为全面和完善。然而即便有了环境条款的规定,在国际商事仲裁实践中它的适用仍遭遇困境。存在这一问题的原因主要是环境程序性条款的缺位,加之各模式下环境条款的表述模糊、富于弹性,因而效力弱化、不够彰显,在适用过程中便难免遭遇困境,比如与国民待遇的冲突、与最惠国待遇的碰撞等。走出这一困境我们需要对症下药、各个击破,首先要在大力推动自由贸易协定时多多纳入环境条款,无论是种类还是数量；其次修改各类环境条款中不合理、过于宽泛软弱的措辞,剔除一些宣示性、训导性的用语,进而强化环境条款应有的效力；最后还要在完善现有的环境条款的同时增加新的专门和例外条款,强化附属环境协议的效力,以解决实践中可能遇到的争议。中国作为最大的发展中国家,要想更好地与国际接轨,提升综合国力,稳固自身在国际社会的地位,在自由贸易协定中的环境条款上多做文章自是不可避免。参照中国现有的自由贸易协定,其中纳入环境条款的屈指可数,比如中国——新西兰、中国——瑞士签订的自由贸易协定。然我国目前的环境现状已然堪忧,所以在环境问题介入并与贸易产生冲突的当下,除了针对上述困境所需要做的改进外,还要转变立法指导思想加强国内的环境立法,增加环境标准条款,完善我国的环境标准体系,并加大对环保产业的投入和发展,成立环境成本内部核算体系或者说环境保护评估机制,同时强化自由贸易协定项下环境条款和附属协议的效力,不使其名不副实。如此整合各方因素并加以改进完善,方能彻底解决贸易与环境的冲突,促进二者协调发展和共赢。
[Abstract]:Human beings are the product of the changes in environmental development, and environment is the material basis and carrier of human existence and development. Its own human beings have formed a interacting ecosystem with nature, and have reached a non game Nash equilibrium in the evolution of thousands of years. Many great destructive acts have paid a heavy price, and the environmental threat of human survival and development front is self-evident. Therefore, it is very necessary to take effective measures to protect the environment effectively under the guidance of the principle of sustainable development. As necessary, the mutual influence of trade liberalization and environmental protection is increasingly close, and the cross constraints of the international environmental protection rules and the two types of free trade agreements are becoming more and more complex, making it very important to study the environmental problems in the free trade agreements. The developed countries have made many beneficial attempts to promote the regulation of the environment in the free trade agreements. Today, in free trade, how to integrate the environmental clauses into the free trade agreement and harmonize the conflicts between trade and environmental interests and ensure that the conditions of the environment can really play a role, which is undoubtedly the most important thing. In the context of the environmental provisions, we have to consider what patterns are required to provide for the maintenance of trade development and the protection of the environment. In the current free trade agreement, the environmental terms are preamble, exceptions, special door clauses and four subsidiary agreements. Each has its own length. All of them have been adopted by the state, one of which is applicable to one of them, and several of them are applied in a comprehensive way. At present, the North American Free Trade Agreement is the most comprehensive and perfect. However, even with the provisions of the environmental provisions, its application in the practice of international commercial arbitration is still in trouble. The reasons for this problem exist. It is mainly the absence of the environmental procedural provisions, as well as the vague expression of the environmental clauses in each mode, and the flexibility, so the effectiveness is weakened, and it is not clear enough. In the process of application, it is unavoidable to encounter difficulties, such as the conflict with the national treatment and the collision with the most favored nation treatment. When the free trade agreements are vigorously promoted, more and more environmental clauses are included, whether they are kind or quantity; secondly, it is necessary to amend the unreasonable, overly weak wording in various environmental clauses, eliminate some declarative and disciplining terms, and then strengthen the effectiveness of the environmental clauses; finally, it is also necessary to improve the existing environmental provisions. As the largest developing country, China, as the largest developing country, wants to better integrate with the international, enhance its comprehensive national strength, strengthen its own status in the international community, and do more articles on the environmental provisions of free trade agreement. Reference to China's existing free trade agreements, including the number of environmental provisions, such as China - New Zealand, China - the free trade agreement signed by Switzerland. However, the current situation of our country is already worried, so in the context of environmental issues and trade conflicts with the present, in addition to the above predicament needs to be done In addition, we should change the legislative guiding ideology to strengthen the domestic environmental legislation, increase the environmental standards, improve the environmental standards system in our country, increase the investment and development of the environmental protection industry, establish the internal accounting system for environmental costs or the environmental protection assessment mechanism, and strengthen the environmental provisions under the free trade agreement and attached to the environment. The effectiveness of the agreement does not make it unworthy of its name. So the integration of all factors and improvement can solve the conflict between trade and the environment thoroughly, and promote the coordinated development and win-win of the two parties.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：F744

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