“全面二孩”新政与现行法律法规和政策之冲突与调适

发布时间：2018-03-13 07:38

本文选题：“全面二孩”政策　切入点：“老龄化”　出处：《云南财经大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：自新中国成立之后,我国人口迅猛增长,当“人口既是生产力的重要因素,也是社会资源消耗的主力军”的理念出现之后,我国相关部门,先后制定了《中华人民共和国人口与计划生育法》(1)、《计划生育技术服务管理条例》(2)、《独生子女奖励办法》、《社会抚养费征收管理办法》、《流动人口计划生育工作条例》(3)等法律法规,可以说,执行政策的力度很强硬,而且这个被写入宪法的“国策”,对于人口数量的调整也十分有效,根据网上统计数据,1979年—2009年,“计划生育”避免了近2亿人的出生,对于资源、环境的可持续发展十分有益,但是随着经济的发展,“人口结构失衡”、“老龄化”、“低生育率”、“劳动力缺失”等等新词汇进入人们的视野。此后,无论是人口学专家还是经济学专家都投入大量的精力于人口数量的调查研究,他们所提供的很多数据都给社会和国家敲响了警钟:从相关数据显示,到2050年,我国的老年人口将超过20亿,按照各国“老龄化”所用时长,中国仅仅用了18年,成为全世界“老龄化”用时最短的国家(4)。自2011年起,全国人大代表贺优琳连续五年提交关于“全面二孩”的议案和建议,我国政府部门也先后无数次对相关法律法规和生育政策进行调整,从2011年的“双独二孩”到2013年的“单独二孩”,再到2015年的“全面二孩”,一次又一次的“试点”,一份又一份的“草案”,让“全面二孩”在短短五年的时间落地。而相关“生育政策”所作出的调整也十分巨大:2015年10月19日,党的十八届五中全会对《人口与计划生育法》进行了修改,并确定自2016年1月1日起,全面实施“一对夫妇可生育两个孩子”的政策,但是尽管国家大力倡导,极力推行,“全面二孩”仍然面临很多的问题,物价的高涨、医疗和教育条件的供不应求、生育能力的降低……无不影响该项政策的实施,2016年,“失业率”的上升、“老龄化”人数的不断加剧、“家政”“育儿”等产业的兴起和急速发展,更加突出了“法律滞后性”这一特征。截至2017年3月,“全面二孩”已经施行了一年有余,相关法律法规的冲突也日趋明显,相较于之前“提倡少生”的计生理念来说,“全面二孩”政策完全反其道而行之,如果不对之前沿用的一些老法律、老办法进行修改,那么很多法律问题,甚至是法律案件必然如雨后春笋般涌现.由此,本文通过用文献研究、比较、历史研究、跨学科研究等方法对我国相关部门统计的生育数据、人口数量、经济变化等数据进行对比和思考。在“计划生育”政策的大背景之下,将一些历史遗留问题和突出的现实问题进行对比和分析,并借鉴国外某些制度提出建议,力图解决或改善新政与现行法律法规冲突的一些问题。
[Abstract]:Since the founding of the people's Republic of China, China's population has grown rapidly. When the concept of "population is not only an important factor of productive forces but also a major force in the consumption of social resources", the relevant departments in China, Laws and regulations have been formulated successively, such as the population and Family Planning Law of the people's Republic of China, the regulations on the Administration of Technical Services for Family Planning, the regulations on the Administration of Technical Services for Family Planning, the measures for the reward of only Children, the measures for the Administration of the Collection of Social Alimony, and the regulations on Family Planning for the floating population, etc. It can be said that the implementation of the policy is very tough, and that this "national policy", which is written into the Constitution, is also very effective in adjusting the population size. According to online statistics, from 1979 to 2009, "family planning" avoided nearly 200 million births. Sustainable development of resources and environment is very beneficial, but with the development of economy, new words such as "population structure imbalance", "aging", "low fertility rate", "labor shortage" and so on come into view. Both demographics and economics experts have put a lot of effort into the study of the number of people, and many of the data they have provided have sounded the alarm of society and the nation: from relevant data to 2050, China's elderly population will exceed 2 billion. According to the duration of "aging" in various countries, China has spent only 18 years, making it the world's shortest "aging" country. Since 2011, He Youlin, deputy to the National people's Congress, submitted proposals and proposals on "comprehensive two-child" for five consecutive years.The government departments in our country have made numerous adjustments to relevant laws, regulations and fertility policies. From "two single children" in 2011 to "single two children" in 2013, to "full two children" in 2015, time and time again "pilot", "draft" one after another, so that "comprehensive second child" landed in a short time of five years. The changes made to the "reproductive policy" are also enormous: in October 19th 2015, The Fifth Plenary session of the 18 CPC Central Committee revised the "population and Family Planning Law" and decided to implement the policy of "a couple can have two children" from January 1st 2016, but despite the country's strong advocacy, The "all-around two-child" still faces many problems, such as high prices and inadequate medical and educational conditions. In 2016, the "unemployment rate" rose, the number of "aging" increased, and the "housekeeping" and "childcare" industries rose and developed rapidly. By March 2017, the "all-around two-child" had been in force for more than a year, and conflicts between relevant laws and regulations were becoming increasingly apparent. Compared with the previous idea of "advocating fewer children", the "comprehensive two-child" policy is completely reversed. If the old laws and methods used before are not amended, then there will be many legal problems. Even legal cases are bound to spring up like bamboo shoots. Thus, by using literature research, comparison, historical research, interdisciplinary research and other methods, this paper makes statistics on fertility data and population numbers of relevant departments in China. Under the background of the policy of "family planning", we compare and analyze some historical and outstanding practical problems, and draw lessons from some foreign systems and put forward some suggestions. Try to solve or improve the New deal and the current laws and regulations conflict some problems.
【学位授予单位】：云南财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D922.1

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