金代移民研究

发布时间：2018-06-29 12:47

本文选题：金代 + 移民　；参考：《吉林大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：金代是我国北方各族人口流动最频繁的时期之一,也是东北少数民族和中原汉族南北对流迁徙的历史时期。金立国一百二十年,移民运动贯穿始终,移民对金朝社会的整体发展、国运兴衰有着重要性意义。同时金代移民对北方民族的变迁和北方地区的开发、发展产生了深远影响,并波及到这一历史时期的中国社会发展,是中国移民史中不可或缺的重要内容。然而,目前学界对金代移民未做系统、深入、整合性研究,不能不说是一个缺憾。因此,本文以移民群体为研究对象,对金代不同时期的移民背景、政策、各族人口的迁徙动态及分布和各时期人口迁徙的特点规律等进行考察。在此基础上,探析各族移民的移居地生活,探究移民在金代社会中的作用等问题,以求对深化金代史以及移民史研究有所补益。本文除绪论、结语外,共分五章:第一章,金代初期的移民运动。阐述了金代初期移民的原因、政策、迁徙与分布。认为大量辽地、宋地人口的北迁是金初“移民实内地”、“移民北上”等移民政策实施的结果,指出汉人的北迁呈现出渐进式特点,移民人数与迁入地范围要远大于辽代,已进入了黑龙江北部地区。而女真等族的移民中原是金政府的“猛安谋克南下”政策的体现,认为太宗后期约有140多万女真人口南下中原,河北两路、山东两路是女真移民的主迁地。同时对女真等族诸多移民家庭进行了考辨,明确了完颜希尹、尼庞古钞兀、秉德、海陵修仪高氏、术虎高琪、古里甲石伦等家庭的迁徙情况,认为完颜希尹家族至少领有两个猛安迁徙到吉林舒兰地区。隶属于黄龙府的曷懒兀主猛安和失剌古山猛安移居地较近,当在长春和农安之间。在此基础上,对金代初期的移民特点与规律进行了探讨,认为金初移民类型以政府组织控制下的强制型移民为主,移民原因主要以军事政治为主,经济原因次之。少数民族南下和中原人民北上是金初移民运动的最大特色。此外,金初移民运动体现了国内外学者所提出的人口迁徙若干规律中的“移民潮与返移民潮法则”、“中心凝聚律”以及“周边民族向心律”等等。第二章,金代中期的移民浪潮。熙宗时内外局势的变化和海陵的迁都使金政府继续执行“猛安谋克南下”的移民政策,得出熙宗和海陵两朝南下女真移民大约50多万,至此金代三次大规模的女真族南迁宣告结束。河北东西路和山东东西路仍然是女真移民的主迁地,认为隶属于中都路的昏得浑山猛安与浑特浑猛安、浑特山猛安为同一猛安。对《金史》中记载的蒲察鼎寿、裴满达、仆散端、太宗子孙、秉德等女真移民家庭,耶律履等契丹移民家庭、李英等渤海移民家庭进行了探索,认为秉德家族在熙宗时从咸平路移徙中都,海陵正隆初年又从中都迁往天德戍守,而其他几个女真家庭在熙宗时期移民中都路。耶律履、李英两个家庭分别移徙东平和益都。通过对“招民实都”和“招民实河南”移民政策的探析,认为金中期汉人的迁徙主要是在政府优惠政策吸引下的自由型迁徙。本时期契丹、奚人除跟随女真人进入中原外,金世宗把西北、西南招讨司中的契丹、奚人强制迁徙至金源内地。与此同时,女真为主的猛安谋克在中原地区进行了流动,但没有改变女真人在中原地区的分布格局。通过对金中期移民运动的全面考察,认为金中期的移民运动虽仍以强制型为主,但自由型迁徙开始上升,移民类型趋向多样化。移民原因也凸显多样性,除政治、军事因素外,经济因素越发明显。但移民规律与金初类似,仍然体现了“中心凝聚律”和“周边民族向心律”。第三章,金代末期的移民高峰。通过对“军户南迁”、“听民南渡”和“纵民北渡”移民政策的探析,认为贞yP南渡和壬辰北渡是金末、金亡之际两次举国性的迁徙。二十余年中,诸多移民家庭参加了南渡与北渡,这种“候鸟式”迁徙是金末移民运动的最大特点。同时在学界已有研究成果基础上统计出165例汉人移民家庭参加金末南渡,142例汉人移民家庭参加金亡北渡。有金一代,迁徙3次以上的各族移民家庭有24例,这是金代移民运动的突出特点。女真等军户的南迁形成了以南京为核心的辐射性分布,近至洛阳、许昌、归德府、郑州,远至安徽、江苏、山东等地区均有女真移民的迁入。北渡中的女真人主要移徙河北、山东、陕西等中原地区。对尼庞古憸的(先祖尼庞古钞兀)、高嗣荣(海陵修仪高氏家族)、古里甲石伦、蒲察桓端、术甲脱鲁灰、仆散端、纥石烈胡沙虎、耶律兄弟(耶律履孙子)等移民家庭进行了探究,明晰了迁徙情况,认为胡沙虎所领属的和鲁忽土猛安当在章宗后期或卫绍王时期从咸平路移徙中都路,并提出胡鲁土猛安与和鲁忽土猛安、和鲁夺徙猛安并非是同一猛安。金代末期的移民规律与金初、金中既有相同性也有差异性,体现了“动乱驱散律(中心凝聚律)”和六十年代流行于西方学界的“推拉理论”。第四章,移民的移居地生活。对女真、契丹、宋辽宗室、汉族仕宦、汉族普通民众等各族、各阶层移民群体的生存状态进行了探析。认为汉族仕宦移民群体生活方式多种多样,除入仕、授徒外,隐居、读书自耕、辞官归隐田园、入为黄道、以技艺谋生、沦为奴隶等均为其生活状态。而汉族普通民众的移居地生活主要体现为耕种、技艺谋生、经商、沦为奴隶等。指出移民生活与政府的移民安置政策、个人技艺、阶层、个人选择、迁入地的自然人文环境等因素相关。移民生活的考察,从侧面展现了金代社会的发展面貌。第五章,移民在金代社会中的作用与影响。对移民在金代经济、政治发展中的作用进行了探究,认为汉、契丹等族移民群体是金代社会发展变迁中诸多合力中的主要力量之一。指出女真等族的南徙中原改变了其经济生活,采用中原租佃制的生产方式无疑是历史的进步。对移民与原居民关系进行了有益探索,指出土地争端是移民与原居民矛盾的根本原因和体现。从女真等族的汉化与汉人的胡风尽染两重视角考述了移民与原居民在生活习俗、人生仪礼、语言等方面的融合。由于金代是少数民族政权,故移民与原居民的关系也是民族关系的体现。同时指出要用辩证唯物主义认识移民问题,人口迁徙在产生积极作用的同时也有一定的消极影响。人是文化的创造者与承载者,任何社会的发展都离不开人口的流动。本文通过对金代移民的全方位梳理、解读和考证,力图使读者对金代移民形成正确、客观、全面的认识,这不仅有利于深入了解金代社会,认识移民在金代社会发展中的作用和对国运兴衰的影响,还有利于从金代移民的视阈来审视我国北方地区的社会发展乃至中国社会的发展。
[Abstract]:The Jin Dynasty is one of the most frequent periods of the population movement of the ethnic groups in the north of China. It is also the historical period of the north-eastern minority and the Central Plains Han nationality in the north and south. In the one hundred and twenty years of Jin Li, the immigration movement runs through the whole, the immigration to the social development of the Jin Dynasty, the rise and fall of the national transportation and the rise and fall of the national transportation. The development and development of the northern region has had a profound influence, and the development of the Chinese society in this historical period is an indispensable part of the history of Chinese immigration. However, it is a pity that the scholars have not made a systematic, in-depth and integrated study of the immigrants in the Jin Dynasty. Therefore, this article takes the immigration group as the research object. On the basis of the investigation of the immigration background, policy, the migration dynamics and distribution of the various ethnic groups and the characteristics of the migration of the population in various periods, this paper analyses the migratory life of all ethnic groups and explores the role of the immigrants in the Jin Dynasty, in order to make up for the deepening of the history of the Jin Dynasty and the study of the history of immigration. Apart from the introduction and concluding remarks, the article is divided into five chapters: the first chapter, the migration movement in the early Jin Dynasty, expounds the reasons, policies, migration and distribution of the early immigrant in the early Jin Dynasty. It is believed that the migration and distribution of the population in the early Jin Dynasty is the result of the immigration policy of "immigrating to the mainland" at the beginning of the Jin Dynasty and the immigration policy of "immigrating to the north", and points out that the northward migration of the Han people presents a progressive feature. The number of immigrants and migrating areas is far greater than the Liao Dynasty and has entered the northern part of Heilongjiang. While the Central Plains of the women Zhen and other ethnic groups are the embodiment of the policy of the Jin government's "Meng an in the South", it is believed that there are about about 1400000 women in the later period of Taizong, south of the Central Plains, the two roads of Hebei, and the Shandong two are the main emigrants of the women's immigrants. The family of many immigrant families has been examined and identified. It is clear that the migrating situation of the family, such as Xi Yin, nepang ancient banknote, Bong De, hailing ghos, ghoi ghoi and giligaelon, thinks that at least two Meng an has migrated to the Shulan area of Jilin. On the basis of this, the characteristics and laws of immigrants in the early Jin Dynasty were discussed on this basis. The main types of immigrant in the early Jin Dynasty were dominated by compulsory immigrants under the control of government organization. The main reasons for immigration were mainly military politics, and the economic reasons were the second. The ethnic minorities and the Central Plains people were the early migration movement in the north of Changchun. In addition, the early Jin immigration movement embodies the law of "immigration tide and emigration tide", "central coagulation law" and "the surrounding nationality toward the heart", and so on. The second chapter, the wave of immigration in the middle period of the Jin Dynasty, the change of the situation and the internal and external situation of the Xinzong and the capital of the Hailing. The government continues to carry out the immigration policy of "Meng an Kun south", and draws about about 500000 of the two dynasties in hee and hailing, at the end of the three times of the golden Dynasty. The East and West Road of Hebei and Shandong East and West are still the main emigrants of the women's emigrants. Hun Meng an, Hun Mount Meng an is the same in the same Meng an. To the "Jin history >" of Pu Qidu, Pei Manda, sservant, Tai Zong son, Pong de and other emigrant families, Yilai immigrant families, Li Ying and other Bohai immigrant families carried on the exploration, that the Jae Hee Zong family in the migrations from the salty Ping Road, hailing is in the early years of the middle of the year. He moved to the garrison of heaven and Germany, while several other female family members of the Jae Hee sect were in the middle capital of Jae Hee. Li Ying migrated to Dongping and Yigu respectively. Through the analysis of the policy of "recruiting people real" and "recruiting people real Henan", the migration of Han people in the middle of Jin was mainly the free migration which was attracted by the government preferential policies. In the period of Khitan, the HSI people moved to the Central Plains of the Central Plains in addition to the fact that Jin Shizong took the chhidan in the northwest and the southwest, and Xi people moved to the mainland of Jin Yuan. At the same time, the Meng an in the Central Plains of the Central Plains did not change the distribution pattern of the women in the central region. It is considered that the immigrant movement in the middle of Jin Dynasty is still dominated by the compulsory type, but the free migration has begun to rise and the migration types tend to diversify. The reasons for immigration also highlight the diversity. The economic factors are more obvious except for political and military factors. But the law of immigration is similar to the golden age, and it still embodies the "central coagulation law" and "the surrounding nationality to the heart rhythm". The third chapter, the peak of immigration at the end of the Jin Dynasty. Through the analysis of the immigration policy of "the south migration of the military household", "the South Ferry to the people" and the immigration policy of the "longitudinal people North ferry", it is considered that the yP South Ferry and the North ferry are the late gold and the two national migrations at the time of the golden death. In more than twenty years, many immigrant families participate in the South Ferry and North ferry, such "migratory bird" migration is At the same time, on the basis of the research results of the Late Jin Dynasty, on the basis of the research achievements in the academic world, 165 cases of Han immigrant families participated in the southern ferry, and 142 Han immigrant families participated in the Golden North ferry. There were golden generation, and 24 migrated families of all ethnic groups were migrated more than 3 times. This was the prominent feature of the migration movement of the Jin Dynasty. It has become a radiative distribution with Nanjing as the core. Near Luoyang, Xuchang, GUI De Fu, Zhengzhou, far to Anhui, Jiangsu, Shandong, and other regions, the main migrations of the women in the North ferry are Hebei, Shandong, Shaanxi and other Central Plains. The immigration families, such as Shih Lun, paaahoi end, armour Luru, Shaoxing Hu, yerhu Shaoxing, and yerzai (yeri grandson), have made a clear understanding of the migratory situation, and think that the Hu Sha tiger's possession and Lu yutsu are in the middle of the late chapter of Zong Zong or the Wei Shao King period from the saltping Road, and put forward the fierce and RUU of Lu Lu and Lu. In the Late Jin Dynasty, the law of immigration and the golden beginning of the Jin Dynasty were the same and the gold in the early Jin Dynasty. The fourth chapter, the emigrant life of the immigrants, was the fourth chapter of the emigrant living. The people of all ethnic groups such as the common people of the Han people, such as the common people of the Han nationality, and other ethnic groups, have analyzed the living conditions of the various groups of immigrants. It is believed that the living modes of the Han people in the Han Dynasty are varied, in addition to the officials, the apprenticeship, the seclusion, the reading and the plowing, the resignation of the seclusion to the pastoral, the Yellow Road, the skill of making a living and the slavery, and the emigration of the common people of the Han nationality. Life is mainly embodied in cultivation, skill for living, business and slave, etc.. It points out that immigrant life is related to the policies of immigration and resettlement of the government, personal skills, classes, individual choices, and the natural and humanistic environment of the migrated land. The investigation of immigrant life shows the development of the Jin Dynasty from the side. The fifth chapter, immigrant in Jin Dynasty society The role and influence of the immigrants in the economic and political development of the Jin Dynasty are explored. It is considered that the ethnic migration groups such as Han and Qidan are one of the main forces in the social development and changes of the Jin Dynasty. A useful exploration is made on the relationship between the immigrants and the original residents. It is pointed out that the land dispute is the fundamental cause and embodiment of the contradiction between the immigrants and the original residents. Therefore, the relationship between the immigrants and the original residents is also the embodiment of the ethnic relations. At the same time, it is pointed out that the issue of immigration should be recognized with dialectical materialism, and the migration of the population has a positive negative effect while producing positive effects. In order to make the readers correct, objective and comprehensive understanding of the Jin Dynasty immigrants, it is beneficial not only to understand the society of the Jin Dynasty, to understand the role of the immigrants in the social development of the Jin Dynasty and to the rise and fall of the national transport, but also to examine the social development and even the development of the northern areas of our country from the threshold of the immigration of the Jin Dynasty. The development of Chinese society.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K246.4

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