收入再分配与调控消费需求

发布时间：2018-05-10 13:27

本文选题：收入再分配 + 消费需求　；参考：《中国社会科学院研究生院》2002年博士论文

【摘要】： 一般意义的收入再分配仅指以公共部门为中介实现的从高收入者到低收入者的转移支付。论文所讨论的收入再分配是指不改变当期可支配收入总量下，对可支配收入在个人和家庭之间分配比例的再调整。以新剑桥学派为代表的一些后凯恩斯主义者提出了通过收入再分配实现国民经济长期均衡增长的政策主张。在中国经济面临有效需求不足的背景下，部分研究人员也提出了以收入再分配为手段扩大消费需求的政策建议。那么，在市场经济下收入再分配到底能不能够有效调控消费需求呢?论文对这一课题进行了研究。论文回顾了收入再分配调控消费需求进而决定国民收入的思想起源，对收入再分配调控消费需求的代表性理论和观点进行了评析，讨论了收入再分配调控消费需求的实现机理。论文指出，判断一项收入再分配措施能否作为调控消费需求的有效手段有两个评价标准，，一是该收入再分配自身的可行性，二是该收入再分配对消费需求的调控能力。消费需求对收入再分配的反应系数是收入再分配引起的当期消费变动与该收入再分配中当期转移支付总额的比例，是衡量收入再分配对消费需求的调控能力的基本指标。只有当反应系数的符号明确、反应系数或期望反应系数的绝对值较大、反应系数数值比较稳定即方差较小时，我们才能认为该收入再分配具备对消费需求的有效调控能力。对消费者行为和消费函数的研究是讨论收入再分配对消费需求调控能力的基础。论文指出，以个体消费者行为为对象、以消费者理性为出发点的个体消费理论和消费函数是研究收入再分配对消费需求的影响的更可靠的微观理论基础。论文对以绝对收入假说／相对收入假说为代表的凯恩斯主义消费理论、以生命周期／持久收入假说为代表的确定型消费决策理论、以随机行走假说为代表的不确定型消费决策理论等主流消费理论进行了剖析，并给出了一些在复杂的消费决策条件下的消费函数。论文讨论了现代主流消费理论及其经济学基础所忽略的一些问题及由此导致的对现实消费者行为解释能力的削弱，包括跨期最优消费决策中各期消费的货币数量与具体消费物品的替代性问题、消费物品的单件眭问题和消费者偏好的数学表达问题。论文在对消费物品划分的基础上、以理性消费者行为为出发点创造性地建立了层次消费决策模型。在层次消费决策模型下，消费物品按消费者对其的偏好性质分成特殊物品和正常物品。其中，消费者对特殊物品的偏好具有绝对优先性和自我饱和性，不能用连续效用函数来表示。正常物品再根据消费者自己的判断如单件价格相对于总财富的大小等等分为普通物品和贵重物品。对特殊物品的购买是消费者的刚性支出，它只受支付能力制约，在消费决策时从预算约束中优先满足，被称为强制性消费。消费者可能采用长期储蓄、定向购置的方式来满足对贵重物品的需求，濒中对贵重物品的消费被称为预定消费。预定消费是一种相对理性的消费者行为，其合理性是相对于随机购买而言的。已经安排的预定消费在消费决策中仍将从预算约束中扣除。强制性消费与预定消费之和被称为被动性消费。对普通物品的消费被称为活跃性消费。通常的跨期消费决策就是以各期活跃性消费为最终决策变量的。各期的消费就是该期强制性消费、预定消费与活跃陛消费之和。这种能够反映消费者对不同性质消费物品需求的层次性的消费决策模型就是层次消费决策模型。在层次消费决策模型中，从决策时点直到某一期的累计总收入(即总财富，包含初始财富)扣除同一时期累计强制性消费后的余额称为该期的一般性财富积累，它决定了消费者从首期直到这一期可以用于购买正常物品的财富数量；从决策时点直到某一期的累计总收入扣除累计被动性消费后的余额称为该期的自主性财富积累，它决定了消费者从首期直到该期可以用于购买普通物品的财富数量，是消费者能真正自由地配置、运用以实现效用最大化的财富。在层次消费决策模型下，最优消费路径的基本特征是自主性财富积累在各种用途之间的边际变动是等价的。在完美的消费决策条件下，消费者将平均消费其自主性财富积累。在绝对流动性约束下，各期消费取决于财富积累的状况，各期活跃性消费是由白本期开始以后各期自主性财富积累按不存在流动性约束下的最优消费路径所决定的可能消费额的最小值。除流动性约束外，论文还揭示了不确定性和以遗产动机为核心的利他主义观念对当前消费的抑制。之后，论文分别在凯恩斯主义消费理论、普通确定型消费决策理论、普通不确定型消费决策消费需求的结论。中国按收入水平分阶层数据显示了收入再分配下消费需求变动的不确定性，也初步揭示了消费者行为的复杂性，提供了支持层次消费决策模型的证据。通过对总量消费函数的实证检验，证实了建立在层次消费决策模型上的总量消费函数比建立在绝对收入假说、相对收入假说、持久收入假说、生命周期假说基础上的总量消费函数对现实的总量消费者行为具有更好的解释能力，验证了层次消费决策模型的预言，同时也揭示了现实的消费者决策环境的确可能存在不确定性、流动性约束和利他主义
[Abstract]:The general meaning of income redistribution only refers to the transfer payment from high income to low income by the public sector. The redistribution of income discussed in this paper refers to the redistribution of the proportion of disposable income between individuals and families without changing the total amount of disposable income. Some of the new Cambridge schools are represented by the new school of income. In the context of insufficient effective demand for China's economy, some researchers also put forward a policy proposal to expand consumption demand by means of income redistribution in the context of the shortage of effective demand in China's economy. Can we effectively control consumer demand?
The paper reviews the thought origin of the income redistribution regulating the consumption demand and then determines the national income, evaluates the representative theory and view of the income redistribution regulation and control consumption demand, and discusses the realization mechanism of the income redistribution regulation and control of the consumption demand. There are two evaluation criteria, one is the feasibility of the redistribution of the income, and the two is the adjustment of the redistribution of the income to the consumption demand. The ratio of the redistribution of the consumption demand to the redistribution of income is the proportion of the current change of the income redistribution and the total amount of the current transfer payment in the redistribution of the income, which is a measure of the income redistribution. Only when the reaction coefficient is clear, the absolute value of the reaction coefficient or the expected response coefficient is larger, the value of the reaction coefficient is relatively stable, that is, the variance is relatively small, and we can think that the redistribution of the income is effective in regulating the consumption demand.
The research on consumer behavior and consumption function is the basis for discussing the ability of income redistribution to regulate and control consumption demand. The paper points out that individual consumer theory and consumption function starting from consumer rationality are the more reliable microcosmic theoretical basis for the study of the influence of income redistribution on consumption demand. In this paper, the Keynes theory of consumption, represented by the absolute income hypothesis / relative income hypothesis, is a deterministic consumption decision theory represented by the life cycle / persistent income hypothesis, and the mainstream consumption theory, such as the uncertainty consumption decision theory, which is represented by random walking hypothesis, is analyzed, and some of the complex theories are given in this paper. Consumption function under the condition of consumption decision.
This paper discusses some problems which are ignored by the modern mainstream consumption theory and its economic basis, and the resulting weakening of the ability to explain the actual consumer behavior, including the replacement of the amount of money and the specific consumption items in each period of the optimal consumption decision, the single issue of the consumer goods and the consumer preference. On the basis of the division of consumer goods, the paper creatively establishes a hierarchical consumption decision model based on rational consumer behavior. Under the hierarchical consumption decision model, consumer goods are divided into special items and normal goods according to their preference properties. Among them, consumers' preference for special items is made. There are absolute priority and self saturation, which can not be expressed in a continuous utility function. Normal items are divided into ordinary goods and valuables according to their own judgment, such as the price of a single piece relative to the size of the total wealth. The purchase of special items is the rigid expenditure of the consumer, which is restricted by the capacity of payment and in the decision of consumption. Priority satisfaction from budgetary constraints is called mandatory consumption. Consumers may use long-term savings and directional purchase to meet the demand for valuables. The consumption of valuables is called predetermined consumption. Predefined consumption is a relatively rational consumer behavior, and its rationality is relative to random purchase. The planned consumption will still be deducted from the budget constraints in the consumption decision. The compulsory consumption and the predetermined consumption are called passive consumption. The consumption of ordinary goods is called active consumption. The common cross term consumption decision is based on the active consumption of each period as the final decision variable. The consumption of each period is the compulsory period. A hierarchical consumption decision model that reflects consumer demand for different properties is a hierarchical consumption decision model. In a hierarchical consumption decision model, the cumulative total income (i.e., the total wealth, including the initial wealth) is deducted from the decision time point to a certain period of total income (i.e. the total wealth, including the initial wealth). The balance after the cumulative compulsory consumption is called the general wealth accumulation of the period, which determines the amount of wealth that consumers can use to purchase normal items from the first to this period; the balance of the accumulated total income from the decision point until the cumulative total income of a certain period is called the accumulation of independent wealth in the period, and it decides The amount of wealth that consumers can use for the purchase of common goods from the first to the period is a wealth that consumers can truly freely configure and use to maximize utility. Under the hierarchical consumption decision-making model, the basic characteristic of the optimal consumption path is the equivalent of the marginal change between the accumulation of autonomous wealth in various uses. Under the condition of American consumption decision, consumers will consume their own wealth accumulation on average. Under the restriction of absolute liquidity, the consumption of each period depends on the condition of wealth accumulation, and the active consumption in each period is determined by the optimal consumption path which is determined by the non existence of liquidity in every period after the beginning of the white period. In addition to liquidity constraints, the paper also reveals the uncertainty and the inhibition of altruism based on heritage motives on current consumption.
After that, the thesis is based on Keynes's consumption theory, general deterministic consumption decision theory, and general uncertain consumption decision.
The conclusion of consumer demand.
China's income level data show that the uncertainty of consumption demand under the income redistribution is also uncertain.
The complexity of fee behavior provides evidence for supporting a hierarchical consumption decision model.
Through the empirical test of aggregate consumption function, it is confirmed that the aggregate consumption function established on the level consumption decision model is better than the establishment.
In the absolute income hypothesis, the relative income hypothesis, the persistent income hypothesis, the total consumption function based on the life cycle hypothesis, the total reality.
Quantitative consumer behavior has better explanatory power, verifies the prediction of hierarchical consumption decision model, and reveals the real consumers.
There may be uncertainties in the decision-making environment, liquidity constraints and altruism.

【学位授予单位】：中国社会科学院研究生院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2002
【分类号】：F014.4

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