论解决利他主义两难的几种进路

发布时间：2018-03-25 18:01

本文选题：亲属选择理论　切入点：互惠利他主义　出处：《自然辩证法研究》2011年09期

【摘要】：利他主义两难表现为个体间在生存和繁衍机能上的竞争与自然界中的个体利他特性之间的矛盾。笔者认为,较之个体选择理论(如,亲属选择理论和互惠利他主义),群体选择理论更好地解决了这一矛盾。群体选择理论消解了亲属选择理论和互惠利他主义中可能存在的假利他行为,即,亲属选择理论和互惠利他主义所界定的利他行为最终都可能促进(或至少补偿)利他行为者本人的生物适应性,从而不是真正意义上的生物利他主义;而群体选择理论却使得利他行为者促进群体的生物适应性成为可能。针对群体选择理论解释生物利他主义的一个最大挑战就是"群体内的颠覆"问题,但是群体选择理论者通过发展出"多层次选择理论"而成功回应了这一问题。不过,群体选择理论的解释仍有一些无法令人信服之处,因此,我们或许需要一种比群体选择理论更为精致和全面的生物学理论来解释利他主义两难。
[Abstract]:Altruism dilemma is manifested in the contradiction between the competition between individuals in the function of survival and reproduction and the altruistic characteristics of individuals in nature. The theory of choice of relatives and the theory of reciprocal altruism can better solve this contradiction. The theory of group choice dispels the false altruistic behavior that may exist in the theory of relative choice and the theory of reciprocal altruism. The altruistic behavior defined by the theory of kinship choice and the reciprocal altruism may eventually promote (or at least compensate) the biological adaptability of the altruist himself, so it is not the true biological altruism. However, the theory of group selection makes it possible for altruists to promote the biological adaptability of groups. One of the biggest challenges in explaining biological altruism in the light of group selection theory is the problem of "subversion within a group". But the group selection theorists have successfully responded to this problem by developing a "multi-level selection theory." however, there are still some unconvincing explanations for the group selection theory, so, We may need a more sophisticated and comprehensive biological theory than the group selection theory to explain altruistic dilemmas.
【作者单位】：福建省社会科学院哲学所;
【分类号】：F01

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