交易成本、制度与分工演进

发布时间：2018-04-21 06:22

本文选题：交易成本 + 制度　；参考：《郑州大学》2006年硕士论文

【摘要】：分工是人类经济生活的一种基本现象，是人类与动物相区别的重要标志。人类社会中分工的特征不仅在于比动物社会复杂，而且在于分工由简单到复杂的演进过程。分工在经济增长中的作用在经济学家那里是少有的没有争议的命题之一，分工水平常常是衡量一个国家或地区的生产力水平和经济发展程度的标志。因此，一个国家经济的落后或停滞可以归因于分工的不发达，那么阻碍分工演进的因素是什么? 分工使得个人只专注于某一种或某几种产品的生产，而每个人的需求却是多方面的。生产的单一性与需求的多样性便是分工的基本矛盾。分工的矛盾使得社会需要某种机制来协调分工，协调机制有两种，计划和交易，交易是最普遍的协调方式。而交易是有成本的，由于分工带来的信息不对称和交易垄断，加之个人的机会主义倾向，就需要各种不同的治理机制对交易进行治理，而这些机制的实施是需要成本的，这些成本就是交易成本。在存在交易成本的情况下，个人做出分工决策的时候要权衡分工收益和交易成本，所以交易成本影响分工水平。但另一方面，分工也对交易产生影响，分工演进会诱导更高效率的交易方式的出现。因此，分工和交易是相互促进的，，个人的创新活动导致了分工水平的提高和新的交易治理机制的出现，推动着分工与交易共同发展。这样，交易成本就被内生于分工演进之中。但个人创新却无法改变分工演进的制度环境，而不同的制度环境决定了分工的水平和演进的速度。分工演进的最优制度环境包括个人创新的自由、产权得到保护以及自由竞争。但现实中的制度环境并不是最优的。完全的自由经济是不可能存在的，经济发展离不开政府的介入，而政府和市场的结合就决定着制度环境。因此，政府行为的好坏决定了制度的优劣，进而对分工演进产生不同的影响。所以说政府既是经济发展的源泉，又是人为经济衰退的根源。政府与市场有各自不同的特征，也就在不同方面具有优势。为促进分工演进，政府应承担以下职能：明确界定产权，减少专业化分工交易协调的内生交易成本以及交易协调失灵的风险；提供公共物品，改良基础设施，降低产品市场交易的外生交易成本；提供社会保障、实现社会公平目标。而政府并不总是遵循以上职能，政府的不当行为则阻碍着分工演进。
[Abstract]:Division of labor is a basic phenomenon of human economic life and an important symbol of the difference between human beings and animals. The characteristics of division of labor in human society are not only more complicated than animal society, but also the evolution of division of labor from simple to complex. The role of division of labor in economic growth is one of the few undisputed propositions among economists. The level of division of labor is often the symbol of measuring the level of productive forces and the degree of economic development of a country or region. Therefore, the backwardness or stagnation of a country's economy can be attributed to the underdevelopment of the division of labor, so what are the factors that hinder the evolution of the division of labor? Division of labor allows individuals to focus only on the production of one or more products, while each person's needs are manifold. The unity of production and diversity of demand is the basic contradiction of division of labor. The contradiction of division of labor makes the society need some kind of mechanism to coordinate the division of labor. There are two kinds of coordination mechanism, plan and trade, transaction is the most common way of coordination. Because of the asymmetric information and monopoly brought by the division of labor and the opportunistic tendency of individuals, different governance mechanisms are needed to govern the transaction, and the implementation of these mechanisms requires cost. These costs are transaction costs. In the case of transaction cost, the individual should weigh the benefit of division of labor and the cost of transaction when making the decision of division of labor, so transaction cost affects the level of division of labor. On the other hand, the division of labor also has an impact on the transaction, and the evolution of the division of labor will induce the emergence of more efficient trading methods. Therefore, the division of labor and the transaction promote each other, and the individual's innovative activities lead to the improvement of the division of labor and the emergence of a new transaction governance mechanism, and promote the common development of the division of labor and the transaction. In this way, transaction costs are endogenous in the evolution of division of labor. However, individual innovation can not change the institutional environment of division of labor evolution, and different institutional environment determines the level of division of labor and the speed of evolution. The optimal institutional environment for the evolution of division of labor includes freedom of individual innovation, protection of property rights and free competition. But the institutional environment in reality is not optimal. Free economy is impossible to exist, and economic development can not be separated from the intervention of government, and the combination of government and market determines the institutional environment. Therefore, the quality of government behavior determines the merits and demerits of the system, thus exerting different influences on the evolution of division of labor. So the government is not only the source of economic development, but also the root of artificial economic recession. The government and the market have their own different characteristics, so they have advantages in different aspects. To facilitate the evolution of the division of labour, governments should undertake the following functions: clearly defining property rights, reducing the endogenous transaction costs of the coordination of specialized division of labour transactions and the risk of failure in transaction coordination; providing public goods and improving infrastructure, To reduce the exogenous transaction cost of product market, to provide social security, and to achieve the goal of social equity. But the government does not always follow these functions, the improper behavior of the government hinders the evolution of the division of labor.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：F091.3

【引证文献】