公路货运价格形成及规制研究

发布时间：2018-01-06 12:37

本文关键词：公路货运价格形成及规制研究　出处：《长安大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：公路货物运输业是我国较早实行市场化改革的行业之一,在快速发展的同时也逐渐暴露出很多问题:由于货运市场进出壁垒较低,运输从业者尤其是个体经营者大量涌入,逐渐形成了过度竞争状态。公路货运从业者之间的竞争多以价格为主,行业的利润率很低,大多数运输从业者保本或亏本经营的现象已经成为行业内公开的秘密。这种因市场失灵形成的运价不仅挫伤了运输从业者改善服务水平的积极性,也不利于行业大企业的形成与发展,长期下去必然影响行业的可持续发展,需要政府采取相应的措施予以改善。文章希望从公路货运市场价格形成机制角度出发,通过实地调研进行合理价格水平的研究来分析目前的运价水平及问题,不仅可以为今后定价的研究提供一定的参考价值,也为规制货运市场的运价提供了一些实际建议和数据依据。本文在对国内外关于运价形成机制和运价规制等相关理论研究的基础上,针对我国货运价格形成机制、现价水平、合理价格水平和价格规制方法展开研究,进行了深入详细地阐述。分析了公路货运市场上目前的三种组织模式,对其价格体系及运价构成做了说明,将研究重点放在个体运输者层面。分析了运价形成理论及各种定价方法的优缺点,选用成本加成法作为个体运输者层面的定价方法。通过对比案例货运专线市场不同分线、不同车型和不同吨位的运价,发现可以用分线路市场的运价说明整个市场的运价,故综合案例专线货运市场的数据对其特定车型、特定货物和特定吨位的成本进行测算。考虑到燃油价格的变动对车辆的运输成本的影响较大,本文给出了单位运输成本的计算公式:y=0.0375x+0.3256,其中y表示单位运输成本,x表示燃油价格。综合全国公路物流类18家上市公司2012-2014年的平均利润率和这三年的市场五年无风险存款率确定公路货运行业的合理回报率为6%,得到公路货运市场的运价计算公式:y=(0.0375x+0.3256)(1+6%);在此基础上测算出案例货运专线市场的合理运价是0.63元/吨公里,但其实际运价则是0.43元/吨公里,仅能补偿其变动成本。通过对西安—陕北专线货运市场运价水平分析发现:货运市场的现价在一年内振幅很大但却在时间段内振幅很小;目前市场的价格是在过度竞争状态下形成的,和合理价格水平相差很大,若此时对价格水平进行规制则无疑是在保护过度竞争,所以应从价格结构角度进行价格规制。考虑到目前的市场价格问题主要是因为各个市场主体之间的信息不对称造成的,本文主要从价格公示平台的建立、严抓监管倒逼落后退出、按区域性和货种等角度对运价的合理进行了规制。
[Abstract]:Highway transportation is one of China's early implementation of market-oriented reforms in the rapid development of the industry, but also gradually exposed many problems: because the freight market entry barriers are low, especially the influx of transportation practitioners self-employed, gradually formed a state of excessive competition. The competition between road freight practitioners to price. Industry profit rate is very low, most of the capital or transportation practitioners operating at a loss phenomenon has become an open secret in the industry. This is formed because of the market failure rate not only dampened the enthusiasm of transportation practitioners improve the service level, is not conducive to the formation and development of the industry of large enterprises, long-term sustainable development will inevitably affect the industry. The government should take appropriate measures to improve. The hope from the price formation mechanism of highway freight market perspective, through on-the-spot investigation Study on the reasonable price level to analyze the price level and the present problems, can not only provide reference for the future pricing research, also provides some practical suggestions and data basis for the regulation of cargo market rate. Based on the relevant theoretical research on mechanism and regulation of the formation of freight rates both at home and abroad. According to China's freight price formation mechanism, the price level of reasonable price level and price regulation methods, in-depth detailed analysis. Three kinds of organization mode of current highway freight market, the price system and price structure are described, focusing on the individual level of transportation. The advantages and disadvantages of pricing theory and pricing method, the cost plus pricing method of individual transport level. By comparing the case of freight line Market Lines, different types and different tonnage rates can be found in line market rate indicating that the market price, so the comprehensive case of dedicated freight market data on the specific models, estimates of specific goods and special tonnage cost. Considering the influence of oil price changes on the transportation cost of the vehicle is large, is given in this paper the calculation formula of unit transportation cost: y=0.0375x+0.3256, which y said the unit cost of transportation, X said fuel prices. National highway logistics class of 18 listed companies, the average profit margin of 2012-2014 years and the three years the market for five years without risk of deposit rate to determine the reasonable return of highway freight industry rate was 6% and the formula of highway freight market rate: y= (0.0375x+0.3256) (1+6%); on the basis of reasonable freight calculate case of freight line market is 0.63 yuan / ton, but the actual price It is 0.43 yuan / ton, can only compensate the variable cost. Through the Xi'an Northern Shaanxi freight line market price level analysis: freight market price within a year of large amplitude but in time amplitude is very small; the current market price is in the form of excessive competition condition, and reasonable price the level of difference, if the price level regulation is excessive competition in the protection, so should the price structure point of price regulation. Considering the current market price is mainly because each market caused by asymmetric information, this paper from the establishment of price publicity platform, strict supervision of forced backward exit, according to regional and goods of freight of reasonable regulation.

【学位授予单位】：长安大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：F542.5

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