公共交通补贴的效率与机制研究

发布时间：2018-06-25 06:39

本文选题：公共交通补贴 + 全要素生产率　；参考：《重庆交通大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：公共交通作为涉及民生的社会公益性事业,其运营管理和服务水平是政府部门和社会公众关注的焦点。为了弥补企业因提供公益服务而产生的亏损、维持可持续经营,政府基于经济、环保及社会公平性等考虑,从社会福利的角度给予公共交通企业财政补贴。随着公共交通优先发展战略的实施,财政补贴金额增长迅速,给部分地方政府的财力带来负担和影响。现状的补贴方式产生什么效果和影响、采用何种方式进行补贴成为学者们研究的重点。现有研究表明,公共交通补贴确实存在着“社会公平性”与企业“经营效率”的问题,不当的补贴可能导致企业缺乏改善服务或激励的动机,增加企业的营运成本、降低公共交通的生产率,并造成企业投入要素资源分配的扭曲,导致政府补贴越多、企业亏损越多的局面。因此,在我国公共交通的运营制度环境下,研究补贴对公共交通效率的影响,寻求合理的补贴方式显得尤为重要。本文围绕公交补贴的基本特性及补贴的目标、方式和补贴效果,论述了补贴的理论依据和产生的影响。结合我国常规公交补贴政策,研究了公交补贴对行业生产效率和企业运营效率产生的影响,揭示了补贴对公交效率的影响机理和作用路径,丰富了公交补贴效率的理论体系,为提高我国公交补贴效率指引了方向。基于社会效益的视角,构建了公交补贴机制的最优评价模型,从补贴资金来源和补贴方式多角度评价了补贴机制的效果,据此提出了绩效补贴机制设计的新思路,验证了绩效补贴设计方法的有效性和合理性,拓展了多方式和多资金来源下公交补贴机制的最优化理论体系和绩效补贴方法,为完善我国公交补贴机制提供重要政策参考。主要研究内容和结论如下:从全要素生产率的视角,研究了我国大中城市2008年至2013年间财政补贴对公共交通全要素生产率的变动效果和影响程度。研究发现,公共交通补贴促进了全要素生产率增长,显示了财政补贴的积极作用和意义,但公共交通补贴对全要素生产率的增长贡献较小,且占比逐年下降。补贴对公共交通行业发展的促进作用仍有待发挥,有必要完善公共交通财政补贴机制。从运营效率的视角,将公共交通运营效率分解为技术效率和服务效率,采用随机前沿分析方法,研究了我国大中城市1990年至2013年间财政补贴对公共交通运营效率的影响情况,并进行了外部影响因素分析。研究发现,公共交通补贴对技术效率和服务效率提升均有正向作用,但补贴对提高公交企业的技术效率影响更加显著。公交补贴虽然能够提升技术效率和服务效率,但这种正向影响有临界点,当补贴金额超过临界值时,会降低公交企业的运营效率。公共交通运营效率仍然受到外部环境因素的影响,居民收入水平、私家车拥有量和轨道交通均对运营效率有负面影响,公交管制政策对提高我国公共交通的运营效率有显著的促进作用。基于现状补贴对效率的影响分析,为了提高公共交通补贴的效率和效果,基于政府、企业和乘客三种对象,从社会福利和边际效益的视角,定量分析和评价了财政预算、小汽车征税和公交企业内部交叉补贴三种补贴资金来源和非现金补贴、成本补贴、绩效补贴和票价补贴等四种补贴方式的效果。研究发现,政府对公交企业进行补贴资金来源的政策制定和明确是有必要的,在财力充足的情况下,应优先实施财政手段的补贴。绩效补贴的补贴金额较低、社会福利较好,其次为成本补贴。在追求社会福利最大化时,票价补贴需要付出较高的补贴金额。在公交亏损情况下政府应优先实施公交发展和交通需求管理政策,通过非现金补贴改变公交外部的营运环境,提高社会福利水平。基于绩效补贴的特点,为发挥绩效补贴的作用,对公共交通绩效补贴进行了案例应用。通过引入最小公益服务理念,建立了基于路线补贴预算限制和基于区域补贴预算限制的双层模型,通过案例分析验证了绩效补贴设计的有效性和合理性。本文提出的公共交通绩效补贴设计方法可为政府部门完善财政补贴机制、发挥财政资金的效益、提升公交的吸引力提供政策参考。
[Abstract]:As a social public welfare undertaking involving the people's livelihood, the operation management and service level of public transport are the focus of the government departments and the public. In order to make up for the losses caused by the provision of public service and maintain the sustainable management, the government is based on the economic, environmental and social fairness to give public welfare from the perspective of social welfare. With the implementation of the priority development strategy of public transportation, the amount of financial subsidies has increased rapidly, which brings the financial burden and influence to some local governments. What effect and effect is the effect and influence of the subsidy mode of the present situation and how to carry out subsidies by the scholars. The existing research shows that public transportation is the key point. Subsidies do exist in the problem of "social equity" and enterprise "operating efficiency". Improper subsidies may lead to the lack of motivation to improve services or incentives, increase the operating costs of enterprises, reduce the productivity of public transport, and cause the distortion of the allocation of investment elements of the enterprises, which leads to more government subsidies and more losses. Therefore, in the environment of public transportation in China, it is particularly important to study the effect of subsidies on the efficiency of public transport and to seek a reasonable way of subsidy. This paper discusses the basic characteristics of the subsidy and the objective, mode and effect of subsidies, and discusses the theoretical basis and the influence of the subsidy. The policy of public transport subsidy is to study the influence of the bus subsidy on the efficiency of the industry and the operation efficiency of the enterprise. It reveals the influence mechanism and the action path of the subsidy to the bus efficiency, enriches the theoretical system of the efficiency of the bus subsidy, and directs the direction of improving the efficiency of the bus subsidy in China. Based on the social benefit perspective, the public transit is constructed. The optimal evaluation model of the subsidy mechanism evaluates the effect of the subsidy mechanism from the multiple angles of the source of subsidy funds and the way of subsidy. According to this, a new idea of the design of the performance subsidy mechanism is put forward. The effectiveness and rationality of the design method of the performance subsidy are verified, and the optimal theoretical body of the bus subsidy mechanism is expanded under the multi-mode and multi capital sources. The main research contents and conclusions are as follows: from the perspective of total factor productivity, the effect and influence degree of financial subsidies on total factor productivity of public transport in China's large and middle cities from 2008 to 2013 are studied. It has promoted the growth of total factor productivity, which shows the positive role and significance of financial subsidies, but the contribution of public transportation subsidies to the growth of total factor productivity is less, and the proportion is declining year by year. The promotion role of subsidies to the development of public transport industry still remains to be played. It is necessary to finish good public transport financial subsidy mechanism. From the perspective, the efficiency of public transport operation is decomposed into technical efficiency and service efficiency. The effect of financial subsidies on public transport operation efficiency from 1990 to 2013 in China is studied by random frontier analysis, and the analysis of external factors is carried out. It is found that the public transport subsidy has a good effect on technical efficiency and service efficiency. The rate promotion has a positive effect, but the subsidy has a more significant impact on improving the technical efficiency of public transport enterprises. Although the bus subsidy can improve the technical efficiency and service efficiency, the positive effect has a critical point. When the subsidy amount exceeds the critical value, it will reduce the transport efficiency of public transport enterprises. The efficiency of public transportation is still external to the outside. The impact of environmental factors, income level of residents, private car ownership and rail traffic have negative impact on the operation efficiency, and public transport policy has a significant role in promoting the efficiency of the operation of public transportation in China. Based on the analysis of the effect of current subsidy on efficiency, the efficiency and effect of raising public transport subsidies are based on the government, Three kinds of enterprises and passengers, from the perspective of social welfare and marginal benefit, quantitative analysis and evaluation of the fiscal budget, three kinds of subsidy funds and non cash subsidies, cost subsidies, performance subsidies and ticket subsidies. The study found that the government is to the public transport enterprises. It is necessary to make and clear the policy of the source of subsidized funds. In the case of sufficient financial resources, the subsidy of financial means should be given priority. The subsidy amount of the performance subsidy is low, the social welfare is better and the second is the cost subsidy. In the pursuit of the maximum social welfare, the ticket price subsidy needs to pay a higher subsidy amount. Under the circumstances, the government should give priority to the policy of public transport development and traffic demand management, change the operating environment of public transport through non cash subsidies and improve the social welfare level. Based on the characteristics of performance subsidies, a case application of public transport performance subsidies is carried out to play the role of performance subsidies. The concept of the minimum public service is introduced. A two-level model based on the limit of route subsidy budget and the limitation of regional subsidy budget is established. The effectiveness and rationality of the design of performance subsidy is verified by case analysis. The design method of public transport performance subsidy is proposed in this paper for the government departments to improve the financial subsidy mechanism, give full play to the benefit of financial funds, and improve the bus absorption. Gravity provides a policy reference.
【学位授予单位】：重庆交通大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F572;F812.45

【参考文献】