制度、环境与劳动积极性:重新认识集体制时期的中国农民

发布时间：2018-02-25 20:23

本文关键词： 生产积极性集体制生产队制度环境毛泽东时代　出处：《开放时代》2016年06期 　论文类型：期刊论文

【摘要】：关于集体制时期中国农业生产的低效率和农民劳动积极性的欠缺,近几十年来,无论在官方媒体的宣传还是中西方学界的解读中,皆已被广泛接受,视为当然。人们还把集体制农业的这些问题,归咎于劳动报酬中的平均主义政策和劳动监督管理上的各种困难。本文利用来自全国16个省的131份乡村史访谈,把农民的生产积极性问题放到集体化时期特定的历史和社会背景中重新加以考察,强调不同的正式制度(包括集体经济组织形式、收入分配制度、国家对农业资源的抽取过程)、非正式制度(包括村落内部的社会网络、行为规范、集体制裁、性别角色等)以及非制度因素(当地的地理环境、自然资源和人口压力)之间的相互作用,共同制约和激励村民在集体生产中的行为。此一制度环境的复杂多变,带来了农民行为模式的多样性,也解释了集体制下的农业生产在不同地方和不同时期所表现出来的巨大差异。
[Abstract]:With regard to the low efficiency of Chinese agricultural production and the lack of farmers' enthusiasm for labor during the period of the collective system, it has been widely accepted in recent decades, both in the propaganda of the state media and in the interpretation of the Chinese and Western academic circles. Of course. People also attribute these problems of collective agriculture to the equalitarianism policy and the difficulties in the management of labor supervision. This paper uses 131 interviews on rural history from 16 provinces throughout the country. To re-examine the issue of farmers' enthusiasm for production in the specific historical and social context of the collectivization period, emphasizing different formal systems (including the form of collective economic organization and the system of income distribution), State extraction of agricultural resources, informal institutions (including social networks within villages, norms of conduct, collective sanctions, gender roles, etc.) and non-institutional factors (local geographical environment, etc.), The interaction between natural resources and population pressure restricts and motivates the behavior of villagers in collective production. It also explains the great difference of agricultural production under collective system in different places and different periods.
【作者单位】：美国德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校历史系;河南大学哲学与公共管理学院;山东大学历史系;
【分类号】：F329

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