14-19世纪中英地租比较研究

发布时间：2018-03-04 01:05

本文选题：14—19世纪　切入点：中国　出处：《东北师范大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：14—19世纪是人类社会从农业经济向资本主义经济转变的时期。地租作为农业经济发展过程中的重要现象,在农业社会向资本主义社会转型过程中经历了重大变化,对农业经营方式的转变等产生了重要影响。对14—19世纪中英两国的地租形态和地租变化进行比较研究,有利于深入理解这一剧烈社会变革过程中两国地租变化的差异,并进而揭示近代两国社会发展道路不同的原因和表现。在地租形态方面,中英两国的地租都包括劳役地租、实物地租和货币地租等,且劳役地租所占的比重都比较小。尽管明清时代的中国已经出现了货币地租,但实物地租依然占据主导地位。在同一时期的英国,货币地租是主要地租形式。在中国还有押租、预租等几种特殊类型的地租存在,而且附加租和贡纳名目繁多,表明了土地所有者阶级对农民阶级剥削方式的多样性。在地租变动方面,两国在缴纳地租的方式上都向更高的形态发展。随着商品经济的发展,两国的单位面积土地的地租额都有所上升,货币地租也有较大的发展。不同之处在于,中国的主要地租形态依然是实物地租,只是出现从分成制地租向定额租的转变,定额租在实物地租中的比例有所上升。为了应对佃农的抗租斗争等,还出现了押租和预租。英国的显著特点是货币地租所占比重的不断增大,土地的租期也有所延长。在两国地租的地区差异方面,中国因为国土面积更为广大而更为鲜明和多样化。从单位土地面积的地租额上,呈现出北低南高的基本特征。从地租形态上看,清代东北和南方地区的货币地租与定额租所占比例较高,而黄河流域地区和中国西北部的分成制为主的实物租占优势。在西南地区,尚存在较多的劳役地租。而在英国,地区差异性较中国要小。但也因为地形和土地开发程度等因素,在英国一些商品经济较发达的地区和城市,货币地租占绝对地位,单位面积土地的地租额也相对较高。在威尔士和西北部经济相对落后地区,地租租额相对较少。在地租额方面,中英两国在14—19世纪都有所上涨。中国的地租额自北向南不断增加,英国的地租额则是从西北向东南地区逐渐增多的趋势。中国的地租率为50%左右,比同一时期英国的地租率33%高出一半左右。这表明中国的土地所有者对佃农的剥削程度要更高。同样,在地息率方面,中国的12%-15%比英国的地息率6%左右要更高。中英两国在地租形态与地租变化方面的差异,是两国自然经济条件和社会管理模式等差异的表现,同时表明了商品经济对两国农业经济影响的程度不同,影响了两国农业劳动者的生活水平与消费,进而对两国的社会经济转型产生一定的影响。
[Abstract]:The 14-19 century is the transition period of human society from agricultural economy to capitalist economy. As an important phenomenon in the course of agricultural economic development, land rent has undergone great changes in the process of transformation from agricultural society to capitalist society. A comparative study of the changes in land rent and land rent between China and Britain in the 14-19 century is beneficial to the understanding of the difference between the two countries in the process of this drastic social change. In terms of the form of government rent, the rent of China and Britain includes the rent of servile land, the rent of real land and the rent of money, and so on, and then reveals the reasons and manifestations of the differences in social development between the two countries in modern times, such as servile land rent, real land rent and monetary land rent. And the proportion of servile land rent is relatively small. Although the Ming and Qing dynasties China has already appeared the monetary land rent, but the physical land rent still occupies the dominant position. In the same time Britain, the money land rent is the main form of land rent. There is also the pledge rent in China. There are several special types of government rent, such as pre-rent, and there are many additional rents and Gonna, which shows the diversity of the ways in which the landowner class exploits the peasant class. With the development of the commodity economy, the amount of land rent per unit area of the two countries has increased, and the monetary land rent has also developed considerably. The difference is that, The main form of land rent in China is still physical land rent, but there is a change from divided land rent to fixed rent, and the proportion of fixed rent in real land rent has increased. There are also chartered rents and preleases. Britain is marked by the growing share of monetary land rent and the extension of land tenure. In terms of regional differences in land rent between the two countries, China is more distinct and diversified because of its larger land area. In terms of land rent per unit of land area, it presents the basic characteristics of north, low and south high. From the point of view of the form of land rent, In the Northeast and South of Qing Dynasty, the proportion of monetary land rent and fixed rent was higher, while in the Yellow River Basin and northwestern China, the split system of physical rent was dominant. In the southwest, there were still more servile land rents, while in England, there was still more servile land rent. Regional differences are smaller than in China. But also because of the terrain and the degree of land development, in some areas and cities where the commodity economy is more developed, monetary land rent occupies an absolute position. The amount of government rent per unit area of land is also relatively high. In Wales and the economically backward areas of the north-west, the amount of land rent is relatively small. China and Britain both rose in the 14-19 century. China's government rent is rising from north to south, while Britain's is gradually increasing from northwest to southeast. China's government rent rate is about 50%. It's about half as much as the British government rent rate of 33% over the same period. This shows that Chinese landowners are more exploitative of sharecroppers. Similarly, in terms of interest rates, China's interest rate of 12% to 15% is higher than the British interest rate of about 6%. The difference between China and the United Kingdom in terms of land rent patterns and changes in land rent is a manifestation of the differences in natural economic conditions and social management patterns between the two countries. At the same time, it shows that the impact of commodity economy on the agricultural economy of the two countries is different, which affects the living standard and consumption of agricultural workers in the two countries, and then has a certain impact on the social and economic transformation of the two countries.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F301.4;K107

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