中国主要粮食作物农药使用现状及问题研究

发布时间：2018-03-26 08:53

本文选题：农药　切入点：粮食作物　出处：《北京理工大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：我国是一个农业大国，同时也是农药使用和生产大国。长期以来，农药在有效防治农业病虫害、保证农作物增产增收方面发挥着不可忽视的作用。然而，近年来农药的乱用和滥用现象日益严重，引发了社会各界的广泛关注。农药的过量使用对农业工作者的身体健康造成严重威胁，同时对生物群落、土壤、水体和大气等生态环境乃至全球生态圈造成污染。此外，因农药残留引起的食品安全问题频发，制约着我国农产品的出口贸易。在我国，水稻、玉米和小麦是最主要的粮食作物，产量占所有粮食作物的90%以上。本研究以这三种农作物的农药施用量为研究对象，利用计量经济学的方法，建立风险控制(Damage-Control)生产函数模型，通过全信息极大似然估计法，，追踪近30年来这三种作物的农药施用量情况，从而探索出使得收益最大化的最优农药使用量。在此基础上，通过最优用量和实际用量的横向对比，得出农药的过量使用情况。同时，探索农作物产量和农药使用量的影响因素，从而对农药的合理使用提出相应的政策建议。通过研究，本文得出以下主要结论：1）农药投入能够有效抑制农作物因病虫害侵袭而产量降低；2）粮食作物价格、农药价格以及农民纯收入对农药的施用量有显著影响；3）三种粮食作物生产种植过程中农药过量使用现象普遍存在。在此基础上，本研究提出可以通过适度提高农药的价格或者流通环节的税收，以抑制农药的购买量；同时通过改进施药技术来减少农药浪费，提高农药利用率；此外，还应大力发展低毒高效、绿色环保的农药制剂，借助生物技术对病虫害进行防治。
[Abstract]:China is a large agricultural country, but also a large country in the use and production of pesticides. For a long time, pesticides have played an important role in effectively preventing and controlling agricultural diseases and insect pests and ensuring the increase of crop production and income. In recent years, the misuse and misuse of pesticides have become more and more serious, which has aroused widespread concern from all walks of life. The excessive use of pesticides poses a serious threat to the health of agricultural workers, and at the same time, it also poses a serious threat to the biological communities and the soil. The ecological environment such as water body and atmosphere and even the global ecosphere pollute. In addition food safety problems caused by pesticide residues frequently restrict the export trade of agricultural products in China. In China, rice, corn and wheat are the most important food crops, the yield of which accounts for more than 90% of all grain crops. The production function model of risk control Damage-Controll is established. By means of the full information maximum likelihood estimation method, the pesticide application rate of these three crops is tracked in the past 30 years, and the optimal pesticide usage is explored to maximize the benefits. Based on the horizontal comparison between the optimal dosage and the actual dosage, the situation of excessive use of pesticides is obtained. At the same time, the influencing factors of crop yield and pesticide usage are explored, and the corresponding policy suggestions for the rational use of pesticides are put forward. Based on the research, the following main conclusions are drawn: 1) Pesticide input can effectively restrain the yield of crops reduced by pests and diseases.) the price of grain crops. The price of pesticides and the net income of farmers have a significant effect on the amount of pesticides applied. (3) the phenomenon of excessive use of pesticides in the production and planting of three kinds of grain crops is widespread. In this study, it is suggested that the purchase of pesticides can be restrained by increasing the price of pesticides or the tax on the circulation of pesticides; at the same time, the waste of pesticides can be reduced and the utilization rate of pesticides can be increased by improving the application technology of pesticides. It is also necessary to develop low toxicity, high efficiency and green pesticide preparation and to control diseases and insect pests with biotechnology.
【学位授予单位】：北京理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S48;F326.11

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