“三权分置”下的土地承包权研究

发布时间：2018-06-24 06:21

本文选题：三权分置 + 承包权　；参考：《华中师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：1978年至今,我国实行了家庭联产承包责任制。土地所有权归集体所有,农户可以对集体土地进行承包,农民通过对集体土地的耕种经营获得收益。这样做把土地所有权与土地承包经营权分离开来,打破了以往“大锅饭”式农业生产方式,提高了农业资源的利用率。随着城镇化的加快,农村人口逐渐向城市转移,根据国家统计局核定的反馈数据,湖北省2012年末城镇化率高达53.5%。全国各地城镇化建设力度的加大以及出省打工人员的增多导致“人户分离”现象大量存在,农地的闲置造成了一种资源的浪费,这不利于的农业现代化发展。2014年中央一号文件在“稳定农村土地承包关系并保持长久不变”的基础上,进一步提出“坚持农村土地集体所有权,稳定农户承包权,放活土地经营权”,实现了土地所有权,土地承包权和经营权三权分置的局面。国家支持农民把经营权流转出去,把一些抛荒的承包地集中在资源丰富的需求者手中,不仅增加了生产效率,而且促进了农业现代化。目前,虽然政策上已经指引了方向,多个地方也已经纷纷展开了实践并且取得了一些成果,但是现行的一些实践探索突破了法律的规定,政策也并不能作为实践中具体制度安排的依据。由于法律上没有确定三权含义以及权能等内容,这样极大地限制了实践。所以,在保证农民权益的前提下,为了促进经营权的有序流转,必须要合理地规定三权的内容与体系。其中,稳定农户的承包权是为了保障承包农户的权利,降低其在流转经营权之后面临的失地风险,所以,法律亟需规定承包权的内容,从而使农户在自身权利得到保障以后,放心地对经营权进行流转。本文将对三权分置下的土地承包权进行研究,解读它的含义、特征以及权利内容,并且就法律应如何规定承包权的具体内容和如何构建三权的利益平衡体系进行探讨。本文分为四个部分:第一部分是对土地承包权含义的解读以及对其特征的概括。土地承包权是土地经营权流转之后,集体经济组织成员持续享有承包方地位的权利。土地承包权标的也比较特殊,是国家规定的农村土地;土地承包权内容广泛,既包括一些人身性权利,也包括一些财产性权利;土地承包权的主体是特定人群,是否应该被固化应该合理地去规定。第二部分是对土地承包权性质的确定。关于土地承包权的性质学界有成员权说与用益物权说之争。笔者通过对政策制定目的的解读,分析出土地承包权的由来,认为土地承包权其实是一种用益物权。第三部分是对土地承包权权利内容的探讨。土地承包权人作为经济组织成员享有集体经济利益分配权;在流转土地经营权时享有支付对价请求权;流转土地之后土地承包权人基于承包方地位依旧间接占有土地,因此享有承包地位维持权、承包地到期收回权和土地用途监督权;在征地时,承包权人享有征地补偿请求权;除此之外,土地承包权的权利内容还应当包括继承权和有偿退出权。第四部分是对土地承包权提出法律上的规制建议。由于现行法律对承包权规定缺失,笔者建议修改《农村土地承包法》或《物权法》,明确土地承包权的法律地位和权利内容。在《物权法》中确定土地承包权的性质,确定其为用益物权,从而使承包权的保护于法有据。除此之外,还要在法律中规定土地承包权的一些相应保障制度,平衡承包权与所有权以及经营权之间的利益冲突,从而保证土地承包权权利内容能够被充分地实现。在农民实现市民化的进程中,法律还应对土地承包权的退出进行规制,规范退出条件和退出补偿,从而为农业的现代化、规模化发展提供可实践的制度保障。
[Abstract]:Since 1978, the household contract responsibility system has been carried out in our country. The ownership of land belongs to the collective, the farmers can contract the collective land, and the farmers gain the income through the farming operation of the collective land. This makes the land ownership and the land contract management right separate, breaking the past "big pot" mode of agricultural production. With the acceleration of urbanization, the rural population is gradually transferring to the city. According to the feedback data approved by the National Bureau of statistics, the urbanization rate in Hubei province at the end of 2012 is up to the increase of urbanization in all parts of the country and the increase of workers in the province, which leads to the phenomenon of "separation of people" in Hubei. The idle agricultural land has caused a waste of resources, which is not conducive to the development of agricultural modernization in.2014. On the basis of "stabilizing the rural land contract relationship and keeping a long time", the central document of the Central Committee of China further proposed that "adhere to the collective ownership of rural land, stabilize the farmers' right to contract and let the land management right" and realize the land. The State supports the three rights division of land contract rights and management rights. The State supports the transfer of management rights by the peasants, and concentrates some abandoned contracted land in the hands of rich and rich demand, not only increasing production efficiency, but also promoting agricultural modernization. At present, although the policy has guided the direction, many places have also been developed in succession. The practice and some achievements have been made, but the current practice and exploration have broken through the provisions of the law, and the policy can not be used as the basis for the arrangement of the concrete system in practice. Because the law does not determine the meaning of the three rights and the content of power and energy, it greatly restricts the practice. So, in the premise of guaranteeing the rights and interests of the peasants, In order to promote the orderly circulation of the management right, the content and system of the three rights must be reasonably stipulated. In this way, the stability of the farmers' contracting right is to guarantee the rights of the contracted farmers and reduce the risk of land loss that they face after the transfer of the right to operation. Therefore, the law needs to stipulate the internal capacity of the contract right so that farmers will be protected after their own rights are guaranteed. This article will study the land contract right under the three rights division, interpret its meaning, characteristics and right content, and discuss how the law should stipulate the specific content of the contract right and how to build the balance system of the three rights. This article is divided into four parts: the first part is the land contract. The land contract right is the right of the members of the collective economic organization to continue to enjoy the contractor status after the circulation of the land management right. The land contract right is also special, it is the country's rural land, and the land contract rights include some personal rights, including some money. Productive rights; the main body of the land contract right is the specific crowd, and whether it should be cured should be reasonably prescribed. The second part is the determination of the nature of the land contract right. There is a dispute between the member rights and the usufructuary right in the field of the nature of the land contract right. The land contract right is actually a kind of usufructuary right. The third part is the discussion of the right content of the land contract right. The land contractor has the right to distribute the collective economic interests as a member of the economic organization; it enjoys the right to pay the price of payment in the circulation of the land management power; the land contractor is based on the contractor status after the land transfer. The old indirectly occupies the land, so it enjoys the right to maintain the contract status, the right to recover the contracted land and the supervision right of the land use. In the land expropriation, the contractor has the right to claim compensation for land expropriation. In addition, the right content of the land contract right should also include the right of inheritance and the right to withdraw from the land. The fourth part is the legal regulation of the land contract right. The author proposes to amend the legal status and content of the land contract right and determine the nature of the land contract right in the property law and determine it as the usufructuary right in the property law. In addition, the law has to be used in law. The law stipulates the corresponding guarantee system of the land contract right, balance the conflict of interests between the contract right and the ownership and the management right, so as to ensure that the content of the right to land contract right can be fully realized. In the process of realizing the citizenization of the peasants, the law should also regulate the withdrawal of the land contract right, standardize the exit conditions and exit. Compensation, so as to provide a practical system guarantee for the modernization and scale development of agriculture.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F321.1

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