洞庭湖生态经济区生态安全评估

发布时间：2018-03-22 07:31

本文选题：生态安全　切入点：生态足迹　出处：《湖南师范大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：生态环境乃是全人类的生存和发展空间,其安全性直接关系到区域的可持续发展。目前,与社会经济飞速发展相伴而来的是生态问题的日趋严重,因此,评估生态安全问题成为国内外研究的热点之一作为湖南省的“鱼米之乡”,洞庭湖区域具有良好发展的区位优势、产业基础、交通优势和人文底蕴,随着“洞庭湖生态经济区”的提出,这一区域更是引起了社会各界的广泛关注。“十五”规划以来,洞庭湖区域经济迅速发展,经济总量不断提高,但粗放式发展却给湖区生态和社会带来严重影响：自然灾害频繁,水体污染严重,湿地面积大幅缩减,生态压力上升,产业结构欠合理,民生问题严重等。因此,本文在分析洞庭湖生态经济区的优势和问题的前提下,选取2002年、2007年和2012年的数据资料,采用目前国际较为流行的生态足迹法,从人类对自然资源的开采、利用和释放废弃物的速度是否超过了自然系统的再生速度和自净能力的视角出发,研究区域的发展是否处于可持续状态,生态是否安全。借助excel和arcgis工具,从时间和空间维度对洞庭湖生态经济区25个县市区的生态痕迹、生态承载力、生态盈亏、生态压力指数等进行了分析和评价,结果表明： (1)洞庭湖生态经济区各县市区的人均生态占用普遍偏高,并呈增长趋势,大部分县市区的人均占用从2002年的0.5-1.5hm2之间增长到2012年的1.5-2.5hm2之间；西部和东部高于中部地区。人均生态承载力呈稳定波动状态,绝大多数县市区的人均生态承载力在0.1-0.9hm2之间,三个年份中人均生态承载力都比较高的是桃源县、石门县、安化县等；人口众多、经济发达的设市区的人均生态承载力普遍低于县域。各县市区都处于生态赤字状态,且随着时间的变化,绝大多数县市区的人均生态赤字呈增大的趋势,区内生态环境供需矛盾日益突出。 (2)区域内各县市区的万元GDP生态足迹都呈下降趋势,表明资源利用效率不断提高,并且经济发展、技术进步背景下,其速度也日益加快；县域的万元GDP生态足迹比设市区高,说明县域的资源利用效率普遍比市区低。 (3)通过对洞庭湖生态经济区各县市区的生态压力指数的计算,可得出各地区所面临的生态压力不断增大。根据生态压力指数等级划分标准,2002年各县市区分属于三个等级,只有一少部分县市区处于生态极不安全状态,大部分属于很不安全,到2007年和2012年只有两个县区属于很不安全状态,其余各县市区都是极不安全状态,生态系统的承受能力与人类经济开发活动强度之间凸现出尖锐的矛盾。 (4)根据上述结论,结合洞庭湖生态经济区存在的问题和原因分析,提出对策建议。合理规划湖区生态经济区,坚持生态优先,完善基础设施,调整产业结构和经济发展方向,发展生态、绿色经济,促进区内自然、社会、经济协调发展,实现人地协调共生,保障区域生态安全。
[Abstract]:The ecological environment is the living and developing space of all mankind, and its security is directly related to the sustainable development of the region. At present, the ecological problems are becoming more and more serious along with the rapid development of social economy. Assessment of ecological security has become one of the hotspots in domestic and foreign research. As the "land of fish and rice" in Hunan Province, the Dongting Lake region has good regional advantages, industrial basis, transportation advantages and humanistic details. With the development of "Dongting Lake Ecological Economic Zone", Since the 10th Five-Year Plan, the economy of Dongting Lake has developed rapidly and the total economic volume has been increasing. However, extensive development has brought serious impacts on the ecology and society of the lake region: frequent natural disasters. Serious water pollution, large reduction of wetland area, rising ecological pressure, unreasonable industrial structure, serious livelihood problems and so on. Therefore, on the premise of analyzing the advantages and problems of the ecological economic zone of Dongting Lake, this paper selects the data of 2002, 2007 and 2012, and adopts the ecological footprint method, which is popular in the world at present, to exploit the natural resources from human beings. From the perspective of whether the rate of utilization and release of waste exceeds the regeneration rate and self-purification ability of natural systems, the paper studies whether the development of the region is sustainable and whether the ecology is safe. With the help of excel and arcgis tools, The ecological trace, ecological carrying capacity, ecological profit and loss and ecological pressure index of 25 counties and cities in Dongting Lake Ecological Economic Zone were analyzed and evaluated from time and space dimensions. The results showed that:. 1) the per capita ecological occupation of each county in Dongting Lake Ecological Economic Zone is on the high side, and the per capita occupation of most counties and cities increases from 0.5-1.5hm2 in 2002 to 1.5-2.5hm2 in 2012; The per capita ecological carrying capacity of the western and eastern regions is higher than that of the central region. The per capita ecological carrying capacity of most counties and urban areas is between 0.1-0.9hm2. In the three years, the per capita ecological carrying capacity is higher in Taoyuan County and Shimen County. Anhua County and so on; the per capita ecological carrying capacity of urban areas with large populations and developed economies is generally lower than that of counties. All counties and cities are in a state of ecological deficit, and with the change of time, the per capita ecological deficit of most counties and urban areas tends to increase. The contradiction between supply and demand of ecological environment is becoming more and more prominent. (2) the ecological footprint of ten thousand yuan (GDP) in every county and urban area in the region shows a downward trend, which indicates that the utilization efficiency of resources is constantly improving, and the speed of the ecological footprint of ten thousand yuan GDP is higher than that of the urban area under the background of economic development and technological progress, and the ecological footprint of ten thousand yuan in the county area is higher than that in the urban area. It shows that the efficiency of resource utilization in county area is generally lower than that in urban area. 3) by calculating the ecological pressure index of the counties and cities in Dongting Lake Ecological Economic Zone, it can be concluded that the ecological pressure in each area is increasing continuously. According to the classification standard of ecological pressure index, each county and urban district belongs to three grades in 2002. Only a small number of counties and municipalities are in a state of extreme ecological insecurity, most of which are very unsafe. By 2007 and 2012, only two counties and districts were in a very unsafe state, while the rest of the counties and municipalities were extremely unsafe. There is a sharp contradiction between the bearing capacity of ecosystem and the intensity of human economic development. 4) according to the above conclusions, combining with the analysis of the existing problems and causes of the ecological economic zone of Dongting Lake, this paper puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions. It is necessary to rationally plan the ecological economic zone of the lake region, adhere to the ecological priority, perfect the infrastructure, adjust the industrial structure and the direction of economic development. Develop ecology, green economy, promote the harmonious development of nature, society and economy in the region, realize the coordination and symbiosis of man and land, and ensure the regional ecological security.
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：X826

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