在华FDI空间分布研究

发布时间：2018-06-19 13:42

本文选题：FDI + 中国空间分布　；参考：《吉林大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：自德国学者杜能提出农业区位论以来，有关企业如何选择区位才能获得最大经济效益的问题成为学术界不断探索的焦点之一。伴随国际直接投资行为的日益加深，学者们开始对国际直接投资行为的动机展开广泛研究，其中尤为重要的一点即为FDI区位选择的依据。虽然目前尚未形成统一的国际直接投资区位选择理论，但是在产业空间布局理论中对企业区位选择的研究，以及国际直接投资理论中渗透着的区位思想，仍对FDI区位选择具有重要的理论与实践意义。为进一步在实践中探索FDI空间分布的规律，大量国内外学者选取不同投资国和东道国作为研究对象进行实证研究。在国际研究中，多利用FDI企业及东道国数据进行研究，并将东道国视为同质区域，而中国区域发展的不均衡性使FDI企业的区位选择更具多样性，FDI空间分布的相关研究也因此更为复杂。本文探讨了各主要影响因素对FDI在中国空间分布中的作用机理，并尝试从多个角度检验这些影响因素的作用效果，从理论与实践两个层面探索并论证哪些因素在哪些区域对FDI有吸引作用，并就如何继续改善投资环境以吸引高质量外资提出政策建议，供政策制定者参考。首先，本文通过对产业空间布局和国际直接投资理论以及国内外相关文献进行了系统的梳理，提出FDI在中国空间分布的影响因素作用机制。在华FDI主要受政策因素、市场条件因素、集聚因素和社会环境因素的影响而呈现空间异质性。政府通过实施空间准入、市场准入、行业准入等开放政策，以及外资的优惠与限制政策，加之需求结构调整、供给结构调整和完善保护措施等普适性政策吸引、引导并约束FDI；市场需求规模和市场活力反映出消费者偏好异质性，，带来FDI产业异质性，进而体现为FDI企业空间异质性；集聚因素通过协同效应和正外部经济对FDI产生吸引作用，而其产生的负外部经济则对FDI产生挤出效应，同时，FDI的自我集聚效应能够加深区域集聚程度，与区域产业集聚形成循环累积系统；而政府服务效率、人文地理环境和城市化水平作为对FDI产生较大影响的社会环境因素也对FDI的空间分布产生向心力或离心力。其次，本文对中国利用外资演进历程、FDI在中国整体演进趋势和FDI在中国区域分布变动趋势进行了梳理和探讨。自1979年中国利用外资伊始至今可以大体划分为三个阶段，即起步阶段、飞速展开阶段及稳步推进与调整阶段。伴随三个阶段的推进，中国持续提高对FDI的政策引导和规范。在总量方面，独资经营FDI比重日益增加，合资经营FDI比重不断下降；FDI的行业呈多样化态势，主要分布在第二产业和第三产业，且行业之间FDI的分布存在较大差异；FDI来源地呈多元化态势，且相对集中，FDI金额稳步上升。在FDI空间分布方面，各区域FDI金额均呈现明显增长，但区域之间和区域内部的FDI分布和增长趋势均呈现明显差异；本文认为城市利用FDI在各区域的分布显示较强的集聚特性，多集中于东部地区和区域内主要城市，而以全国为视角则呈现分散性，多集中于直辖市、省会城市和相对发达的其他地级市。再次，本文基于上述机制论述与现状分析，选取相关面板数据，构建理论模型，实证检验各影响因素对FDI在中国空间分布的作用效果。本文选取2002-2011年中国252个地级及以上城市层面数据，从四个角度对FDI空间分布的影响因素进行实证检验，即全时段全区域、分时段全区域、全时段分区域及全时段分发达程度。通过较为细致的实证检验，本文阐述了各影响因素在不同时段和不同区域对FDI空间分布造成的不同影响。结果显示，伴随中国各区域经济的发展和FDI产业升级，优惠政策和各种开放政策对FDI的吸引已不再明显，逐渐凸显出普适性政策对FDI的影响；FDI开始提高对劳动力素质的要求，廉价的低素质劳动力已不再是吸引FDI的区位优势；对于各地区而言，集聚程度仍是吸引FDI的重要因素；同时，贸易障碍对FDI呈负影响。最后，本文根据理论原理和实证检验结果，针对中国区域异质性提出可持续性引资政策建议：强化普适性政策执行度，持续优化投资环境；优化区域产业结构，提高FDI在华根植性；提高劳动力整体素质，重拾劳动力优势。
[Abstract]:Since the German scholar Du can put forward the theory of agricultural location, the question about how to choose the location to obtain the maximum economic benefit has become one of the focal points in the academic circle. With the deepening of the international direct investment, scholars have begun to carry out extensive research on the motives of the international direct investment behavior, particularly important. One point is the basis for the location selection of FDI. Although there is no unified theory of location selection for international direct investment, the research on the location selection in the industrial space layout theory and the location thought permeated in the international direct investment theory still have important theoretical and practical significance to the location selection of FDI. A lot of domestic and foreign scholars choose different investment countries and host countries as research objects. In international research, we use the data of FDI enterprises and host countries to study the FDI, and consider the host country as a homogeneous region, and the imbalance of the regional development in China makes the location selection of the FDI Enterprises. The selection of FDI spatial distribution is more complex. This paper explores the mechanism of the main influencing factors on the spatial distribution of FDI in China, and tries to test the effect of these factors from multiple angles, and explore and demonstrate which factors are in which areas are for FDI from the two levels of theory and practice. It also provides policy recommendations for policy makers on how to continue to improve the investment environment and attract high-quality foreign investment.
First, through the systematic combing of industrial space layout and international direct investment theory and related literature at home and abroad, this paper puts forward the effect mechanism of FDI in China's spatial distribution. In China, the FDI is mainly influenced by the policy factors, market conditions, agglomeration and social environment factors, and presents the spatial heterogeneity. Through the implementation of the open policy of space access, market access, industry access and other open policies, as well as the preferential and restrictive policies of foreign investment, the demand structure adjustment, the adjustment of the supply structure and the improvement of the protective measures and other universal policies attract, guide and restrict the FDI. The market demand scale and market vitality reflect the heterogeneity of consumer preferences and bring the FDI industry. Heterogeneity, and then reflected in the spatial heterogeneity of FDI enterprises; agglomeration factors have an attraction to FDI through synergy and positive external economy, and the negative external economy produced by it produces an extrude effect on FDI. At the same time, the self agglomeration effect of FDI can deepen the degree of regional agglomeration and form a cyclic accumulative system with regional industrial agglomeration. The efficiency of government service, the human geography environment and the level of urbanization as the social environmental factors which have great influence on the FDI also produce centripetal force or centrifugal force on the spatial distribution of FDI.
Secondly, this paper reviews and discusses the evolution trend of China's utilization of foreign capital, the overall evolution trend of FDI in China and the change trend of FDI in China's regional distribution. Since the beginning of China's utilization of foreign capital in 1979, it can be divided into three stages, that is, the initial stage, the rapid expansion stage and the stage of steady advancement and adjustment. The following three stages are accompanied. In terms of the total amount, the proportion of the sole proprietorship of FDI is increasing, the proportion of the joint venture FDI is declining, and the FDI industry is diversified, mainly in the second industry and the third industry, and the distribution of FDI between the industries is very different, and the FDI source is diversified, And the amount of FDI increased steadily. In the spatial distribution of FDI, the amount of FDI in each region showed an obvious increase, but the distribution and growth trend of FDI in both regions and regions were obviously different. The distribution of FDI in each region showed strong agglomeration characteristics and concentrated in the eastern region and the regional host. To cities, and from the perspective of the whole country, they are scattered and concentrated in municipalities directly under the central government, provincial capitals and relatively developed prefecture level cities.
Thirdly, this paper, based on the above mechanism discussion and the present situation analysis, selects the relevant panel data, constructs a theoretical model, and empirically tests the effect of the influence factors on the spatial distribution of FDI in China. This paper selects the data of 252 cities and above in 2002-2011 years in China, and makes an empirical study on the influence factors of the spatial distribution of FDI from four angles. The test, the whole region, the whole region, the whole period and the full period of development. Through the more detailed empirical test, this paper expounds the different influence factors on the spatial distribution of FDI in different periods and different regions. The results show that with the economic development of various regions in China and the upgrading of the FDI industry, the results show that the advantages of each region are better. The attraction of the preferential policies and various open policies to the FDI is no longer obvious, and gradually highlights the impact of the universal policy on the FDI; FDI has begun to raise the demand for the quality of the labor force, and the low quality and low quality labor force is no longer a regional advantage to attract FDI; for all regions, the degree of agglomeration is still an important factor in attracting FDI; at the same time, trade The obstacles had a negative impact on FDI.
Finally, according to the theoretical principle and the empirical test results, this paper puts forward the suggestion of sustainable investment policy for regional heterogeneity in China: strengthening the implementation of the universal policy, optimizing the investment environment, optimizing the regional industrial structure, raising the root of FDI in China, improving the whole quality of the labor force and regaining the advantage of the labor force.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F832.6

【参考文献】