基于能力分析法的中国不平等问题研究

发布时间：2018-02-16 03:55

  本文关键词： 能力分析法 低福利增长 多维福利不平等 机会不平等 社会流动　出处：《华中科技大学》2014年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：中国在过去三十多年里创造了经济发展的奇迹,贫困人口迅速减少,人民生活水平有了明显改善。但在“唯GDP论”的政策导向下,各级政府在制定和评估政策时以经济发展为标准,政绩考核“唯GDP论英雄”,而非经济方面的发展没有受到应有的重视。这种不协调的发展使得居民生活质量没有得到应有的提升。2013年的人类发展报告显示：中国人均国民收入位居全球第90位,而更能反映居民生活质量的人类发展指数却位居全球101位,两种排名之间的差距更是全球领先。如此巨大的差距除了因为“唯GDP论”的政策导向,也与越来越严重的社会不平等问题息息相关。 在经济高速增长的同时,中国的社会不平等问题也渐渐突显,这不仅体现在收入差距不断扩大,还体现在教育不平等、健康不平等以及其它各种不平等问题。这些不平等使得社会的福利分布不平等比任何单一维度的不平等问题都要复杂。福利分布不平等进一步损害整个社会的福利水平,加剧了经济增长与福利增长之间的脱节程度。此外,收入不平等、教育不平等、健康不平等等都是结果不平等,这些结果不平等可能源自机会分配的不平等也可能是人们自身责任因素引起的分配差异。机会不平等往往更不容易被社会大众所接受,甚至会抑制经济发展。这使得经济发展与福利发展之间的关系更为复杂。应对这些复杂问题需要我们更清楚地认识中国当前的不平等问题。阿玛蒂亚·森的能力分析法提供了非常有借鉴意义的分析视角。本文在能力分析框架下,从多维福利不平等和机会不平等这两个方面探讨中国当前的不平等问题。 多维福利和机会都是Sen在能力分析法中所强调的内容。在此框架下发展起来的多维福利不平等和机会不平等都是现代福利经济学中的前沿课题。然而,国内有关这两个方面的研究还比较少见,极少数相关的研究中还存在许多不足。本文将这两个不平等问题结合起来探讨,可以为理解中国当前的不平等问题提供更全面、更新颖的视角,也可以为相关的政策制定提供更丰富的经验依据。本文的主要结论包括： (1)经济发展与社会福利发展不协调的微观机制在于,经济增长没有使得那些原本在非货币方面就处于不利地位的居民更多地享受增长的成果,相反,那些原本已经在非货币方面比较有利的居民在经济增长过程中获益较多。这也意味着经济不平等并不能正确反映福利不平等。 (2)在收入、健康和教育三个维度的情况下,中国居民的福利不平等程度在加剧,且福利不平等对整个社会的福利水平造成的损失大约在15%左右。中国居民的福利不平等主要由收入不平等导致,其次是教育不平等,二者解释了福利不平等的88%左右。健康不平等和收入、健康与教育三者之间的相关性在福利不平等中的作用相当,二者解释了福利不平等的12%左右。分城乡的估算结果表明,城市内部的福利不平等程度要低于农村内部。中国多维福利不平等的变化趋势在大部分参数设定下是比较稳健的。选用其他合理的社会福利函数形式也不会影响对多维福利不平等变化趋势的判断。然而,不同的参数设置对多维不平等的分解估算有较大影响。收入、健康与教育三者之间的相关性对福利不平等的作用随着不平等厌恶系数的增加(在常用值范围内)而增加。 (3)中国城市居民在获取个人收入时面临着较为严重的机会不平等,收入的机会不平等在加剧,且上升速度大于收入不平等的上升速度,这意味着个人责任因素(努力)在收入差距形成中的作用在弱化,也意味着中国的收入流动性在固化。中国居民的收入机会不平等不仅体现在起点时的机会不平等,还体现在过程中的机会不平等,这使得机会平等呈现出“累积”的现象。女性居民面临更严重的收入机会不平等；中西部地区面临的机会不平等比东部省份更严重。中国城市居民的收入机会不平等在多种机会不平等测度指标下所得的结果比较稳健。此外,对总机会不平等的分解表明,家庭背景在形成收入机会不平等中的作用越来越重要,由其是父母的教育水平。性别虽然也是导致收入机会不平等的重要因素,但它在机会不平等中的作用保持相对稳定的趋势。 (4)居民的主观机会不平等与居民的再分配偏好和流动性预期显著相关,越是认为机会公平的居民越倾向于有向上流动的预期,也越不支持再分配政策。
[Abstract]:China has created a miracle of economic development over the past three decades , the poverty population has declined rapidly , and the living standard of the people has been remarkably improved . However , in the policy direction of the " only GDP theory " , the governments at all levels have not received due attention in the formulation and evaluation of policies . However , the development of non - economic aspects has not received due attention . The human development report in 2013 shows that China ' s per capita national income is ranked 90 in the world , and the gap between the two ranks is the world ' s leading edge . At the same time of economic growth , China ' s social inequality has become more and more prominent , not only in the widening income gap , but also in education inequality , health inequality and other inequalities . These inequalities make the social welfare distribution inequality more complex than any single dimension of inequality . The inequality of benefits is often less likely to be accepted by the public , and even inhibits economic development . The multi - dimensional welfare and the opportunity are the contents of Sen ' s ability analysis . The multi - dimensional welfare inequality and the opportunity inequality developed under this framework are the leading subjects in modern welfare economics . ( 1 ) The lack of coordination of economic development and social welfare development is that economic growth has not led to the increased enjoyment of growth by those who had been disadvantaged in non - monetary terms , and , on the contrary , those who had already been more favourable in non - monetary terms had benefited more in the process of economic growth , which also implied that economic inequality did not correctly reflect well - being inequality . ( 2 ) In the case of income , health and education , the welfare of Chinese residents is increasing , and the loss of welfare inequality is about 15 % . ( 3 ) China ' s urban residents face more serious opportunities for inequality in the acquisition of individual income , income inequality is increasing , and rising speed is greater than income inequality . This means that the role of individual responsibility factors in income gap formation is weakening , which means that China ' s income inequality is more serious than in the eastern provinces . In addition , the inequality of income opportunities in the central and western regions is more important than in the eastern provinces . In addition , the inequality of income opportunities in the central and western regions is more and more important , but it is an important factor leading to inequality in income opportunities , but it is a relatively stable trend in the role of inequality in opportunities . ( 4 ) The subjective opportunity of residents is not equal to the residents ' re - allocation preference and liquidity expectation , and the more the residents who consider the opportunity fair tend to have the expectation of upward mobility , the less the redistribution policy is supported .

【学位授予单位】：华中科技大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F126.2;D632.1
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本文编号：1514599