12-14世纪英国城市特许状中的商业特权探析

发布时间：2018-02-20 15:32

本文关键词： 中古英国城市特许状商业特权　出处：《河南大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：城市特许状是英国中古社会发展的必然结果，授予盛期出现在12—14世纪初。本文力图对特许状的授予情况、特许状中商业特权的内容和授予原因有一个清晰的认识和理解，并探讨商业特权与英国商业的关系。特许状所含条款颇多，总的来说，城市凭此获得的商业特权包括六个方面：举办市场和集市、通行税豁免权、“王之和平”、组建行会、商业垄断权、禁止囤积居奇。这一时期，英国虽以自给自足的农业经济为主，但商品经济也在发展。在生产上，农业技术水平的提高为商业活动提供了充分的物质基础和人力资源，畜牧业经济和手工业的专业化为市场提供了大量可供销售的产品。在消费需求上，领主和农民经济的发展对商品经济日益依赖，人口的增加促使消费需求的增长。这一矛盾不仅为商业特权的授予提供了充分条件，也促使国王和封建领主颁发特许状，授予商人进行商业活动的权利。此外，特殊的法权环境也是特许状颁发的主要原因。一方面，英国普通法日益发展和成熟，王权不断壮大，国王通过特许状授予商业权利即是这种事实的体现。另一方面，由于封建领主的“私人法权”得到认可，他们在其领地内拥有相对独立的司法权力，使得领主有权向王室申领特许状，要求给予领地上的城市以商业特权。随着市场“合法性”问题的出现，特许状日益成为双方处理这一问题的法律依据。同时，国王和封建领主对经济利益的需求也直接刺激了特许状的颁发和商业特权的授予。从商业特权的内容来看，这些条款无疑有利于英国商业的发展。这是因为，，首先，特许状授予的市场、集市和行会是英国这一时期主要的经济组织形式。其次，特许状授予的自由贸易权利，是商人从事商品活动的前提条件。最后，特许状授予的规制性条款有助于商业的有序发展。但是，不能因此夸大特许状的作用。应该看到，特许状只是一纸条文，有着时间和内容上的局限性。为了避免这些缺陷，城市需要花费大笔钱款不断获得新的特许状。再者，即便城市获得了特许状，也不能保证所获商业权利全部得到落实。为此，市政人员必须拥有良好的执行能力，积极作为，将商业特权付诸实施。通过考察可知，12—14世纪，英国市政当局在多数情况下支付了相应钱款，展现了出色的执行能力，促使城市不断获得商业特权并将其逐步落实，这大大促进了英国商业的顺利发展和资本主义萌芽的出现。在商业发展的同时，英国商人的经济地位日渐提高，促使商人通过参与议会在国家的政治事务中日益扮演着重要角色。
[Abstract]:The urban charter is the inevitable result of the development of the medieval society in England, and the awarding peak appeared in the beginning of the 12-14 th century. This paper tries to have a clear understanding and understanding of the granting of the charter, the content of the commercial privilege in the charter and the reasons for granting it. The relationship between commercial privilege and British business is also discussed. The charter contains quite a lot of clauses, and in general, the commercial privileges granted to cities include six aspects: setting up markets and fairs, exemption from tax, peace of king, formation of guilds, commercial monopolies, and prohibition of hoarding. During this period, although the United Kingdom was dominated by a self-sufficient agricultural economy, the commodity economy was also developing. In terms of production, the improvement of agricultural technology provided a sufficient material basis and human resources for commercial activities. The specialization of the animal husbandry economy and handicraft industry provided a large number of marketable products for the market. In terms of consumer demand, the development of the economy of lords and farmers was increasingly dependent on the commodity economy. The increase in population leads to an increase in consumer demand. This contradiction not only provides sufficient conditions for the granting of commercial privileges, but also prompts kings and feudal lords to grant charters to merchants to carry out commercial activities... The special legal environment is also the main reason for the granting of charters. On the one hand, the British common law is developing and maturing, Wang Quan is growing stronger, and the King's granting of commercial rights through charters is a manifestation of this fact. On the other hand, Because of the recognition of the "private jurisdiction" of the feudal lords, they had relatively independent judicial power in their territory, giving them the right to apply for a charter from the royal family. As the question of "legitimacy" of the market arises, charters are increasingly becoming the legal basis for both parties to deal with this issue... at the same time, The demands of kings and feudal lords for economic interests also directly stimulated the granting of charters and the granting of commercial privileges. From the point of view of the content of the commercial privilege, these clauses undoubtedly benefit the development of the British business. This is because, first, the markets, bazaars and guilds granted by the charters are the main forms of economic organization in England during this period. The free trade right granted by the charter is the precondition for the merchant to engage in the commercial activities. Finally, the regulatory provisions of the charter grant are conducive to the orderly development of the business. However, the role of the charter should not be exaggerated. The charter is just a piece of paper, with time and content limitations. To avoid these shortcomings, the city needs to spend a lot of money to get a new charter. Moreover, even if the city gets a charter, There is no guarantee that all commercial rights will be realized. To this end, the municipal staff must have good executive ability, actively act, and put commercial privileges into practice. During the 12-14 th century, the British municipal authorities paid the money in most cases, demonstrated excellent executive power, and encouraged cities to continue to gain commercial privileges and gradually implement them. This greatly contributed to the smooth development of British business and the emergence of the seeds of capitalism. Along with the development of business, the economic status of British businessmen rose day by day. Businessmen are increasingly playing an important role in the political affairs of the country through their participation in parliament.
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F156.1

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