东亚生产网络的调整与中国产业升级

发布时间：2018-03-09 02:13

本文选题：东亚生产网络　切入点：投资贸易关联　出处：《中国社会科学院研究生院》2014年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：为因应全球激烈的市场竞争，跨国公司在全球范围内配置资源，并不断地创新经济组织。从20世纪80年代末开始，东亚华商和日本、美国等的跨国公司大规模增加对东亚的寻求效率型的投资和业务外包。不断增加的FDI主要是利用东亚地区的要素成本优势，来提高产品在发达经济体市场上的竞争优势。同时，东亚各经济体积极实行经济自由化政策，通信和运输技术的快速发展使得联接成本不断降低。这使得服务于跨国公司全球战略的东亚生产网络在东亚地区快速发展、延伸。东亚发展中经济体成为跨国公司即旗舰企业的劳动密集型或低技术密集型的生产部门、组装部门。目前，这种分工在东亚还在扩大并促进了区域合作。对参与东亚生产网络的东亚供应商而言，它们与来自发达国家的网络内企业建立密切联系，不断获得通过生产网络传递过来的先进知识；此外，，为满足旗舰企业或高级供应商的需求而迫使自己不断提高生产能力或研发水平。因此，本地企业在成为东亚生产网络供应商后，其能力获得了一定程度的提高。但是，由于依赖高级供应商或旗舰企业的销售渠道和关键零部件供给，因此，本地供应商很可能被锁定在东亚生产网络固定环节上而难以进一步升级，即一直处于附加值较低的价值链环节。研究表明，中国不少产业的供应商仍处于低附加值环节。劳动密集型环节还在不断地同水平扩张并占用大量资源，形成惯性发展方式，甚至排斥了提高研发水平或销售能力的努力。但是，中国的土地、劳动等要素成本优势正在不断减少。正是由于东亚生产网络较快的水平延伸，东亚的制造能力快速扩张，使得东亚区域对欧美发达经济体的市场的依赖不断增加，尤其是对美国市场的依赖一直较为严重，造成贸易失衡。同时，对区域外能源、原材料、资本和技术的依赖也在加深。而欧美对东亚产品的需求增长有限，在经济危机期间需求还急剧下跌。这使得东亚经济发展严重受制于区域外市场。因此，东亚必需不断地转变经济发展模式，需要东亚跨国分工方式即东亚生产网络不断调整。由于旗舰企业的全球战略和各地制造成本不断变化，东亚生产网络本身也在不断地发展和调整。这使得更多的地方供应商能够加入东亚生产网络，获得提升能力的机会；还使得原有供应商在面临被新供应商替换掉的同时获得了更多提升价值链位置的机会。中国供应商可以根据自身的实力对东亚生产网络调整施加不同的影响，可以在东亚生产网络发展和调整中抓住机会实现价值链升级。有些供应商到其他地方发展生产网络从而提升自身价值链位置；有些供应商在吸收先进知识的基础上通过自身努力来提高研发水平，掌握某些专利；有些供应商提高加工工艺，专注于零部件的精细型加工，从而提高零部件竞争优势。有些供应商无视生产网络的调整而被其他供应商取代，面临破产；等等。中国各产业主管部门及各级政府最好立足于各产业生产网络发展、调整规律和分工现实，能够影响并利用东亚生产网络的调整，促进产业升级。
[Abstract]:Due to the fierce global market competition, multinational corporations allocate resources in the world, and constantly innovative economic organization. Since the end of 1980s, China and Japan in East Asia, the United States and other multinational companies seeking a massive increase in efficiency of East Asia Investment and business outsourcing. The increasing FDI is the use of the cost advantages in East Asia, to improve the product in the developed market economies, the competitive advantage. At the same time, East Asian economies to actively implement economic liberalization policy, the rapid development of communication and transportation technology makes the connection cost continuously decreased. This makes the service in the global strategy of transnational corporations and the rapid development of East Asian production networks in East Asia, extending. East Asian developing economies become transnational corporations is the flagship enterprise of labor intensive and low technology intensive production department, assembly department. At present, the division of labor in East Asia is expanding and promoting regional cooperation.
To participate in the East Asian production networks in East Asia suppliers, they establish close ties with enterprises from developed countries in the network, continue to acquire advanced knowledge transferred through production network; in addition, in order to meet the demand of the flagship enterprise or senior supplier force themselves to continuously improve the production capacity and the level of research and development. Therefore, local enterprises in East Asia the production network provider, its capacity has been improved to a certain extent. However, because of their dependence on suppliers or senior flagship enterprise sales channels and key spare parts supply, therefore, the local suppliers are likely to be locked in the East Asian production network fixed links to further upgrade, which has been in the added value of the value chain is relatively low. Research shows that many industry Chinese supplier is still in low value-added sectors. Labor intensive sectors are constantly expanding and the same level Occupy a lot of resources, form an inertia development mode, and even exclude efforts to improve R & D level or sales ability. However, China's land, labor and other factor cost advantages are decreasing.
It is because of the level of East Asian production networks rapid extension, the rapid expansion of manufacturing capacity in East Asia, which rely on East Asia to the developed economies of Europe and the market continues to increase, especially dependent on the US market has been more serious, causing the trade imbalance. At the same time, the area of foreign energy, raw materials, capital and technology is dependent on in depth. While Europe and the United States on the East Asian products limited growth in demand during the economic crisis, demand also fell sharply. This makes the development of East Asian economy is severely constrained by the market outside the area.
Thus, East Asia must constantly change the mode of economic development, the East Asian multinational division in East Asia need to constantly adjust. Because of the global production network flagship enterprises and around the manufacturing costs are constantly changing, the East Asian production network itself is in constant development and adjustment. This allows more local suppliers to join the East Asian production networks, the ability to ascend the opportunity; but also makes the original supplier in the face of new suppliers to replace more opportunities to enhance the value chain position.
China suppliers can according to their own strength exert different effects on the East Asian production network adjustment, can seize the opportunity in the East Asian production network development and adjustment to realize the value chain. Some suppliers to other local production network development so as to enhance their value chain position; some suppliers to improve the level of research and development on the base of absorbing advanced knowledge through their own efforts master, some patent; process improvement some suppliers, focus on the fine processing of parts, parts so as to improve the competitive advantage. Some vendors ignore production network adjustment by other suppliers in place, facing bankruptcy; and so on. Chinese each industry competent departments and governments at all levels based on the production of the best network development of the industry, the adjustment of law and the division of the reality, to influence and use of East Asian production network adjustment, promote industrial upgrading.

【学位授予单位】：中国社会科学院研究生院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F121;F114.46

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