基于消费水平的家庭碳排放谱研究

发布时间：2018-07-05 15:57

本文选题：消费水平 + 家庭碳排放谱　；参考：《华东师范大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：应对气候变暖、控制CO2排放已成为世界各国面临共同的挑战。随着人们生活水平的不断提高,家庭消费引起的碳排放量迅速增加。发达国家的经验表明,随着生活水平的提升,家庭能源消耗的比重将上升,最终会超过工业用能。作为社会终端消费的基本单元,家庭消费引起的碳排放越来越不容忽视,家庭碳排放水平决定着未来我国低碳发展进程。在这样的背景下,本文选择以家庭消费作为研究对象探讨碳排放和碳减排。围绕消费水平差异下的家庭碳排放谱这一研究主题,论文提出了四个核心议题：一是,鉴于我国典型的城乡二元结构特点,城乡居民家庭碳排放存在什么样的差异?城乡居民家庭碳排放差异的原因是什么?二是,我国省际之间消费水平差异较大,家庭碳排放存在什么样的区域差异?不同地区的居民家庭碳排放与经济发展水平之间呈现什么样的关系?三是,不同收入群体家庭碳排放的差异有多大?导致不同收入水平群体家庭碳排放差距的主要原因是什么?四是,从终端用途来看家庭碳排放结构呈现什么样的演变特征?以上核心议题构成了本文研究的主要内容。论文共分为八章对上述四个核心议题进行研究,前两章为理论基础部分,为后续的实证分析提供理论支撑和分析框架。第三章到第七章为实证研究部分,其中第三章到第五章分别从城乡、省际和不同收入群体三个层面研究消费水平差异的家庭碳排放谱；第六章和第七章分别从不同视角研究家庭碳减排策略。最后一章为全文的总结和展望。通过研究,本文得出主要结论如下： (1)城乡居民生活方式的不同,导致城镇居民家庭碳排放以间接碳排放为主,而农村居民以直接碳排放为主。人口规模、人均能耗水平和城乡能耗结构差异因素一直在推动城、乡居民直接碳排放差距的扩大。人均消费水平在扩大城乡间接碳排放差异方面起到正效应作用,而人口规模和消费结构差异起着负效应作用。城镇化发展有利于家庭直接碳排放的减少,不利于家庭间接碳排放的减少。提高城镇化水平的同时,通过技术进步降低居民消费商品(或服务)的碳排放强度,从而减少城镇化水平上升过程中居民消费增长导致的碳排放量大幅度增加。 (2)我国家庭碳排放存在空间上的不平衡性,人均直接碳排放呈现“北部、东南高,中部、西南低”空间格局,人均间接碳排放总体呈现“东高,中部及东北地区次之、西低”空间格局。受气候条件、能源供应结构等因素影响,我国家庭用煤、用气、用油、用热、用电碳排放存在显著空间差异。我国各省家庭碳排放水平与经济发展水平呈现正相关性。用电、居住和食品消费是我国各地区家庭碳排放的主要来源。发达省份居民家庭间接碳排放主要集中在居住、交通通信等发展型消费所诱发的碳排放,而欠发达省份居民家庭间接碳排放主要集中在食品、衣着等生存型消费所诱发的碳排放。 (3)收入水平是造成不同群体家庭碳排放差异的主要原因。收入水平的上升,一方面带来人们出行方式的改变,当收入达到一定水平,人们会更多的选择私家车出行,私家车出行产生的碳排放大幅增长是造成高收入家庭直接碳排放远高于低收入家庭的主要原因；另一方面带来人们消费结构的变化,从满足基本生活需求逐步向交通通信、文教娱乐等高端消费转变,交通通信、居住和文教娱乐消费等诱发的碳排放迅速增加是造成高收入家庭间接碳排放远高于低收入家庭的主要原因。 (4)随着经济发展,人们生活水平不断提高,上海城镇居民家庭能耗的主体部分已经从以炊事热水为主的居住能耗转向私家车出行的交通能耗。尽管目前上海城镇居民家庭居住能耗远低于发达国家,但要避免城镇居民效仿西方生活方式带来的高能耗锁定。研究还发现,伴随着生活水平的提高,上海城镇居民家庭碳排放量呈现上升趋势。其中,家庭用电一直是家庭碳排放最大的部分,用电产生的碳排放占到家庭碳排放总量的一半以上。从终端用途碳排放结构演变看,私家车出行产生的碳排放量增长最快,而家用电器产生的碳排放是家庭碳排放最大的部分。 (5)随着城镇化的推进,家庭直接碳排放谱呈现出“传统能源碳排放量迅速下降、私家车碳排放量迅速增加”的变化特征；家庭间接碳排放谱呈现出“生存性消费(如食品)碳排放比重下降、发展性消费(如交通通信、文教娱乐)碳排放比重上升”的变化特征。国家在政策制定上应该加大引导居民合理的消费理念,避免奢侈性消费和过度消费倾向,可以借鉴居民阶梯电价、阶梯水价制度,适时推出阶梯家庭碳税制度,以保障居民家庭基本生存碳消费、并体现改善和提高居民家庭生活质量的发展性碳消费以及遏制居民家庭奢侈性碳消费。本研究的主要贡献为：(1)论文基于家庭消费视角,借鉴社会学中“谱”的概念,将其引入到家庭碳排放研究中,结合我国城乡二元结构、区域差异显著等特征,分别从城乡、省际和不同收入群体三个层面完整地探讨了消费水平差异下的家庭碳排放谱,弥补了学术界对家庭消费领域碳排放关注的不足,充实了我国关于家庭消费碳排放问题的研究。(2)构建了家庭终端用途碳排放的分析方法。论文通过建立HTCM模型,将家庭用能行为与家庭碳排放结合起来,有助于居民清晰认识冬季取暖、炊事、家用电器、私家车出行等哪些终端用能对家庭碳排放的贡献最大,明确家庭碳减排的重点从而更有针对性降低碳排放,为居民建立低碳生活模式提供参考。
[Abstract]:In response to climate warming, control of CO2 emissions has become a common challenge for all countries in the world. With the continuous improvement of people's living standards, the carbon emissions caused by household consumption have increased rapidly. The experience of developed countries shows that with the improvement of living standards, the proportion of household energy consumption will rise, which will eventually exceed industrial energy. As a social end, it will end as a social end. The basic unit of end consumption, the carbon emissions caused by household consumption can not be ignored, and the level of family carbon emission determines the process of low carbon development in the future. Under this background, this paper chooses household consumption as the research object to discuss carbon emission and carbon emission reduction.
According to the theme of family carbon emission spectrum, four key issues are put forward: first, in view of the typical urban and rural two yuan structure characteristics, what are the differences in carbon emissions between urban and rural households? What are the reasons for the difference in urban and rural households' carbon emissions? Two, China's inter provincial consumption level What kind of regional differences are there in family carbon emissions? What is the relationship between household carbon emissions and economic development levels in different regions? Three, how big is the difference in carbon emissions from families with different income groups? What are the main reasons for the difference in carbon emissions from families with different income groups? Four, from the terminal What are the characteristics of the household carbon emissions structure? The above core issues constitute the main contents of this study.
The thesis is divided into eight chapters to study the above four core issues. The first two chapters are the theoretical basis, and provide theoretical support and analysis framework for the follow-up empirical analysis. The third to the seventh chapter is an empirical study. The third to the fifth chapter studies the differences in the consumption level from the urban and rural areas, the inter provincial and the different income groups at three levels, respectively. The family carbon emission spectrum, the sixth chapter and the seventh chapter respectively study the family carbon emission reduction strategy from different perspectives. The last chapter is the summary and Prospect of the full text. Through the study, the main conclusions are as follows:
(1) the different lifestyles of urban and rural residents lead to the carbon emissions of Urban Households by indirect carbon emissions, while rural residents are mainly carbon emissions. Population size, per capita energy consumption level and urban and rural energy consumption structure difference factors have been promoting the urban residents' direct carbon emission gap. Per capita consumption level is expanded in urban and rural areas. The difference of carbon emissions plays a positive effect, and the difference of population size and consumption structure plays a negative effect. The development of urbanization is beneficial to the reduction of family direct carbon emissions, which is not conducive to the reduction of household indirect carbon emissions. So as to reduce the increase of carbon emissions caused by the increase of residents' consumption in the process of urbanization.
(2) there is spatial imbalance in Chinese family carbon emissions, and the per capita direct carbon emission shows the spatial pattern of "north, Southeast high, middle and southwest low". The average per capita carbon emissions are "East high, the middle and northeast regions, the west low" space pattern. Influenced by the climate conditions, energy supply structure and other factors, domestic coal is used in domestic coal. There are significant spatial differences between gas, oil, heat and carbon emissions. The carbon emission levels of families in various provinces of our country have a positive correlation with the level of economic development. Electricity consumption, residential and food consumption are the main sources of carbon emissions in the families of our country. The indirect carbon emissions of households in the developed provinces are mainly concentrated on the development consumption of residential, traffic and communications. The indirect carbon emissions of households in less developed provinces are mainly concentrated on carbon emissions caused by subsistence consumption such as food, clothing and so on.
(3) the income level is the main reason for the difference of carbon emissions from different groups of families. On the one hand, the rise of income level brings about the change of people's way of travel. When the income reaches a certain level, people will choose more private car trips. The increase of carbon emission of private car travel is the result that the direct carbon emission of high income families is far higher than that of the private car. The main reasons for low income families; on the other hand, the changes in the consumption structure of the people, from meeting the basic needs of life to traffic communication, the transition of high-end consumption, traffic and communication, residential and cultural and educational entertainment consumption, caused the rapid increase of carbon emissions from high income families far higher than those of low-income families. The main reason.
(4) with the development of economy and the improvement of people's living standards, the main part of the energy consumption of urban residents in Shanghai has shifted from the residential energy consumption based on cooking hot water to the traffic energy consumption of private cars. Although the energy consumption of urban residents in Shanghai is far lower than that of the developed countries, it is necessary to avoid the Western lifestyles of urban residents. The study also found that, with the improvement of living standards, the carbon emissions of urban households in Shanghai were rising. Household electricity has been the largest part of household carbon emissions, and the carbon emissions generated by electricity account for more than half of the total household carbon emissions. The carbon emissions from vehicle trips increased most rapidly, while household electrical appliances produced the largest portion of household carbon emissions.
(5) with the promotion of urbanization, the family direct carbon emission spectrum shows the change characteristics of "the rapid decline of traditional energy carbon emissions and the rapid increase of private car carbon emissions". The family indirect carbon emission spectrum shows a decline in the proportion of carbon emissions of "survival consumption" (such as food), and the proportion of carbon emissions in developmental consumption (such as traffic communications, culture and education Entertainment). In the policy making, the state should increase the rational consumption concept of residents, avoid extravagant consumption and excessive consumption tendency. We can draw on the residential ladder electricity price, the ladder water price system, and timely launch the ladder family carbon tax system, in order to ensure the basic living carbon consumption of the residents' families, and to improve and improve the residents. The development of family life quality carbon consumption and curb household luxury carbon consumption.
The main contributions of this study are as follows: (1) based on the perspective of family consumption and using the concept of "spectrum" in sociology, the paper introduces it into the study of family carbon emissions, and combines the two yuan structure of urban and rural areas in China, and the regional differences are remarkable, and the difference of consumption level is discussed from the three levels of urban and rural, inter provincial and different income groups. The family carbon emission spectrum makes up the lack of carbon emissions in the field of household consumption, enriches the research on carbon emissions from household consumption in our country. (2) the analysis method of carbon emission for family end use is constructed. By establishing a HTCM model, the thesis will combine home use with family carbon emissions and help the residents to be clear. Some terminals, such as winter heating, cooking, household appliances and private car trips, can make the greatest contribution to family carbon emissions, and make clear the focus of carbon emission reduction in the family so as to reduce carbon emissions and provide a reference for the residents to establish a low carbon life model.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F126.1;F205

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