我国遗嘱信托受益人权利保护研究

发布时间：2017-12-26 19:02

本文关键词：我国遗嘱信托受益人权利保护研究　出处：《华东政法大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：遗嘱信托为委托人(立遗嘱人)生前以遗嘱方式,将其财产之全部或一部分为受益人之利益移转于受托人,受托人依照信托目的管理、处分信托财产,使得受益人享受信托财产利益的信托。其财产移转和财产管理的功能,能够灵活执行委托人的意图,更好的保护受益人权利,有效解决现行继承制度框架下立遗嘱人无法实现的特殊愿望,从而满足人们的现实需求。遗嘱信托制度的起源地是英美法系国家,遗嘱信托这种即能避免继承纠纷又能使财产永久留传的独特功能越来越受到其他国家的青睐,许多国家都纷纷移植遗嘱信托制度,并有效融合于其法律体系中,如与我国同为大陆法系的日本、我国台湾地区等。随着我国人民财产不断的增加,观念的转变,人们也越来越希望能够运用遗嘱信托解决遗产问题。但我国人民对于设立遗嘱信托还不敢轻易尝试,人们害怕一旦设立遗嘱信托,遗嘱信托财产移转于受托人,自己不能监管,如果受托人滥用权利,在我国现行法律制度下,受益人难以有效保护自己的利益,设立遗嘱信托的目的将会落空。人们设立遗嘱信托是为了受益人,受益人权益才是该制度的核心。英美信托财产的双重所有权制度与我国的物权体系存在冲突,我国也不可能违背“一物一权”原则,所以在制定《信托法》时,运用“委托”一词来代替信托财产的“移转”,回避其所有权的归属,从而导致信托财产独立性、信托当事人权利义务、受益权性质等发生争议。遗嘱信托为特殊的信托,一般信托中信托财产独立性、信托当事人权利义务责任、信托受益人受益权性质存在的问题同样存在于遗嘱信托中。此外,我国信托法赋予委托人的各项权利,因遗嘱信托委托人的去世,而形同虚设,从而大大的削弱了监管力度。况且,其他配套制度(如遗嘱信托公示制度、遗嘱信托监察人制度、信息披露制度)亦缺失的情况下,受托人更会任意妄为、滥用权利,最终受害的还是受益人。因此,我国有必要完善遗嘱信托受益人权利保护制度。本文共分为三章:第一章“遗嘱信托受益权概述”。该部分首先对受益权性质进行了辨析,分析了英美国家和大陆法系国家(特别是日本)各种学说的优点与缺点。指出英美法系受益权性质学说,即“债权说”、“物权说”、“折衷说”,是在英美信托法有具体规定的基础上展开的,其研究未超出信托受益权法定内容的范围,每种观点都能得到支持,出现三种观点,只是因为学者对于信托受益权表现出的不同性质的重视程度不一样而已。但大陆法系对信托法受益权的定性不是根据本国法律的明确规定,而是借鉴英美信托理论结合本国法律体系,通过发挥想象来进行研究。其次,简述了受益权的内容,即“信托财产收益的受给权”、“信托事务监督权”、“违反信托的救济权”。第二章“我国遗嘱信托受益权保护的立法现状及缺陷”。该部分首先对遗嘱信托的构造,从“人的要素”、“财产要素”、“连接要素”三方面进行了梳理。其次分析了我国遗嘱信托受益权保护存在的五个问题:(1)遗嘱信托受益人权利内容不充分,特别是受益人享有救济权中,存在着损害赔偿范围不明确,撤销权不能追及第三人,善意第三人范围太广等问题;(2)信赖义务抽象,缺乏可操作性。且受托人违反信托义务时,受托人所应承担的民事责任仅作了概括性的规定,受益人寻求法律保护时,易产生混乱;(3)遗嘱信托公示制度的缺乏间接损害受益人的利益。遗嘱信托公示制度的缺失,使得与受托人进行交易的第三人难以被认定为恶意第三人,在受托人违反信托,受益人即便能行使撤销权进行救济,但撤销权的效力难以适于该第三人,间接损害受益人的权益;(4)遗嘱信托中,委托人的确定性监管缺失,以及受益人的可能性监管缺失,受托人更容易滥用权利损害受益人的利益;(5)遗嘱信托的所有风险,特别是信用风险,都由受益人承担。第三章“受益人权利保护途径分析”。此章分为“风险事前防范机制”、“直接、间接保护路径”、“事后救济机制”三个部分进行了探讨。事前防范机制中,着重对遗嘱信托公示制度、遗嘱信托财产独立性、遗嘱信托监察人、以及以受益人知情权保障为中心的信息披露制度对受益人权利保护进行了分析。在遗嘱信托受益人权利保护路径中,指出我国应当充分赋予受益人权利直接保护受益人和明确受托人义务责任间接保护受益人。最后就受托人违反信托,受益人享有的三大救济权(恢复原状请求权、损害赔偿请求权和撤销权)进行了分析,并提出了建议。我国大部分学者主要通过对受托人的规制来实现受益人保护的间接研究模式,本文直接以受益人保护为视角,通过对两大法系的信托制度进行比较,从信托基本原理出发,分析遗嘱信托的特点。同时将遗嘱信托受益人保护方式分为事前预防机制和事后救济机制、直接保护途径和间接保护途径,综合受托人责任、信息披露、遗嘱信托财产公示等各项法律机制,构建受益人权利保障制度。本文指出遗嘱信托财产独立性有利于排除委托人债权人和受托人债权人的追索,遗嘱信托公示制度有利于受益人确定善意第三人的范围,设立遗嘱信托监察人有利于强化监督,信息披露制度充分保障了受益人的知情权,消除了受益人、受托人信息不对等的缺陷。在委托人缺位的遗嘱信托中,当遗嘱信托管理方法以及受托人需要变更时,赋予受益人相应的权利,以及明确受托人的忠实义务、注意义务能更加全面的保护受益人的利益。在事后救济机制中,我国信托法应当扩大损害赔偿的范围,即遗嘱信托财产除了直接损失可以得到赔偿,间接损失亦应当得到赔偿。此外,我国信托法应当赋予受益人对信托财产的追及权,受益人除了可直接追及至受托人外,还可追及至第三人,但信托财产被消耗时,无偿善意受让人不负赔偿责任。
[Abstract]:The testamentary trust is a trust that the principal (the testator) transfers to the trustee in the form of wills, all or part of the property is beneficiary, and the trustee manages and disposes the trust property according to the purpose of the trust, so that the beneficiary can enjoy the interests of the trust property. The function of property transfer and property management can flexibly carry out the intention of the client, protect the rights of the beneficiary better, and effectively solve the special desire that the testator cannot achieve under the current succession system, so as to meet people's real needs. Testamentary trust system is the origin of the common law countries, the testamentary trust can avoid inheritance disputes and make unique function more and more permanent property remain favored by other countries, many countries have transplanted the testamentary trust system, and effective integration in its legal system, such as China and the mainland legal system Japan, China Taiwan and other regions. With the increasing of our people's property and the change of ideas, people are more and more hoping to use the testamentary trust to solve the problem of heritage. But the Chinese people for the establishment of testamentary trust also dare to try, people fear that if the establishment of testamentary trust testamentary trust property transferred to the trustee, not their supervision, if the trustee, in our current legal system, the beneficiary is difficult to effectively protect their own interests, the establishment of testamentary trust purpose will fall. People set up a will trust for the benefit of the beneficiary, and the rights and interests of the beneficiaries are the core of the system. There is a conflict of dual ownership of trust property and the Anglo American system of China's real right system, China is not likely to violate the "one thing one right" principle, in the formulation of the "trust law", the "principal" to replace the trust property "transfer", avoid the ownership attribution, resulting in a dispute the independence of the trust property trust, rights and obligations of the parties, the beneficial right of nature. Testamentary trust is a special trust. The nature of the independence of the trust property, the rights and obligations of the litigants, and the beneficial right of the beneficiary of trust are also included in testamentary trust. In addition, the rights entrusted to the principal by the trust law of our country, due to the death of the trustee of the testamentary trust, and the deficiency of the consignor, greatly weaken the supervision. Moreover, other supporting system (such as the public system of testamentary trust, testamentary trust supervisor system, information disclosure system) is the absence of the trustee will be more reckless, abuse of rights, the ultimate victims or beneficiaries. Therefore, it is necessary for us to improve the protection system of the rights of the testamentary trust beneficiary. This article is divided into three chapters: the first chapter, "a summary of the benefit right of the testamentary trust". This part first analyzes the nature of the right to benefit and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the various theories of the Anglo American countries and the civil law countries (especially Japan). Pointed out that the common law benefit rights theories, namely "creditor's right", "right" and "compromise", is in the common law has specific provisions on the basis of the research, the scope is not the beneficial right of the trust legal content beyond, every point of view can be supported, there are three views, just because scholars of the beneficial right of the trust exhibited different degree of attention were different. However, the identification of the beneficiary right of the trust law in the continental law system is not based on the explicit provisions of the national law, but is based on the Anglo American trust theory and the national legal system, and is studied through imagination. Secondly, it describes the content of the right to benefit, namely, "the right to receive the income of the trust property", "the supervision of the trust affairs", and the "right to breach the remedies". The second chapter "the legislative status and defects of the protection of the right to benefit the testamentary trust of our country". In this part, the structure of the testamentary trust is first combed from the three aspects of "human elements", "property elements" and "connection elements". Secondly, analysis of China's trust will benefit five right protection are: (1) the testamentary trust beneficiary rights content is not sufficient, especially the beneficiary right of relief, there is scope of compensation for damages is not clear, right of revocation can not recover and three people, third people in good faith range too wide; (2) fiduciary duty is abstract, the lack of maneuverability. When the trustee violates the obligation of trust, the civil liability of the trustee should be generalized. If the beneficiary seeks legal protection, it will be confused. (3) the lack of the public trust system will indirectly damage the interests of the beneficiary. The lack of public system of testamentary trust, which deals with the trustee of the third people to be identified as malicious third people, in the trustee for breach of trust, even if the beneficiary can exercise the right of revocation of the right to revoke the relief effect but not suitable for the benefit of third people, indirect damage of human rights; (4) the testamentary trust. The lack of supervision of the principal and the beneficiary is determined, the possibility of lack of supervision, the people are more likely to abuse the right to damage the interests of the beneficiary; (5) all risks of testamentary trust, especially the credit risk by the account of the beneficiary. The third chapter "analysis of the protection of beneficiaries' rights". This chapter is divided into three parts: "risk prevention mechanism", "direct, indirect protection path" and "post relief mechanism". In the beforehand prevention mechanism, we focus on the analysis of the system of the testamentary trust, the independence of the trust property, the testamentary trust supervisor, and the information disclosure system centered on the protection of the right to know the beneficiary, and the protection of the rights of the beneficiaries. In the way of protecting the rights of the beneficiary of the testamentary trust, it is pointed out that China should give the beneficiary right to protect the beneficiary and the trustee's Duty obligation indirectly, so as to protect the beneficiary indirectly. In the end, the three great relief rights enjoyed by the trustee in violation of the trust and the beneficiary (restoration of the original claim, the claim for damages)
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D922.282

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