吉林省农发行政策指导性贷款风险管理研究

发布时间：2018-01-01 06:06

本文关键词：吉林省农发行政策指导性贷款风险管理研究　出处：《吉林大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：农业的特殊性要求政策金融扶持，农业是一个国家的基础性产业，但与二、三产业相比又存在“弱质性”，也就是说一方面农业在国民经济中地位重要，具有特殊性和不可取代性，另一方面农业生产收益低、风险大等特点决定了农业本身的竞争力较差。我国农业的弱质性集中反映在以下几个方面：（1）农业生产的对象是农作物，农作物的生长周期较长，且受季节、气候等自然条件的约束，生产过程中的不确定因素较多，极易发生风险和损失；（2）农业生产以小农经济为主，农村地区人口多，人均可耕地面积小，，难以开展集约化和产业化经营，农业劳动生产率较低；（3）农业生产需要投入大量基础设施和生产资料，农业投资回收期较长，农业投资规模明显不足；（4）农业技术的进步速度较慢，创新和开发难度较大，我国农产品深加工不足，产品的附加值较低；（5）我国城乡二元经济结构突出，农村地区基础设施欠缺，农村经济环境信用环境差，商业金融发展滞后，农业信贷融资难。中国农业的弱质性决定了农业经济发展离不开政策性金融的扶持，因为对于商业金融而言，涉农信贷将面临风险大、收益少、成本高、资金周转慢等诸多不利因素，这与商业金融机构经营管理的安全性、流动性和盈利性是完全相悖的。政策性银行也是银行，必须遵循银行的一般规律，在执行政策的前提下，讲求经营效益，防范化解风险，提高资产质量，实现可持续发展。政策指导性贷款是指为履行农业政策性银行职能，支持粮棉油收购，促进产销衔接，维护重要农产品及农业生产资料市场稳定，由农发行自主发放、风险自担的贷款。政策指导性贷款具有以下特征：1.贷款性质介于政策性与商业性之间，2.贷款用途特定，3.准入条件较低，但贷后管理要求严格，4.贷款期限一般少于一年，5.信用敞口较大。吉林省农发行政策指导性贷款现状是：企业抗风险能力差，影响第一还款来源，企业财务核算不规范，不利于信贷监管，销售货款回笼比例不足，个人银行卡屡禁不止，各项管理措施落实不到位，风险防控难度加大。具体风险点体现在：一是贷款方式风险，同商业银行相比，农发行对担保方式的选择有一定的局限性。在发放政策指导性贷款时只能在有效资产“应抵尽抵”和企业法人代表个人财产办理抵、质押担保后发放信用贷款。第二是市场风险，我国农业具有“弱质性”，涉农企业利润水平低，抗风险能力差。随着市场化改革的深化，我国市场的逐步放开，国际市场对国内的影响越来越大，企业要应对的风险越来越大，信贷资金的市场风险也随之增大。第三是道德风险，主要是企业法人不诚信，挤占和挪用信贷资金形成的风险。针对以上风险，必须研究风险防控的措施，主要有三条，一是弥补信用敞口，二是提高三金比例，覆盖市场价格风险，三是实行优质客户战略，培育优质客户群体。同时要采取必要措施保证这些风险防控措施的落实，一是确保各项管理要求落到实处，二是严格兑现奖惩措施，三是建立企业诚信档案。
[Abstract]:The special requirements of agricultural policy financial support, agriculture is the foundation of a country's industry, but compared with two, three industry and the existence of "weak", that is to say on the one hand, the agriculture in the national economy in an important position, is special and irreplaceable, on the other hand, the agricultural production income low, characteristics high risk determines the competitiveness of agriculture itself is poor.
The weakness of our country agriculture reflects in the following aspects: (1) the object of agricultural production is crops, long growing period of crops, and by season, climate and other natural conditions constraints, more uncertain factors in the production process, prone to risks and losses; (2) agricultural production by smallholder economy in rural areas, population, per capita arable land area is small, it is difficult to carry out intensive and industrialization, agricultural labor productivity is low; (3) agricultural production requires a lot of infrastructure and agricultural production data, the payback period is longer, the scale of agricultural investment is obviously insufficient; (4) the Agricultural Technology progress is slow, innovation and development is difficult, deep processing of agricultural products in China is insufficient, the added value of the products is low; (5) China's urban and rural economic structure of two yuan outstanding, the lack of infrastructure in rural areas, rural credit environment, economic environment, business The development of industry finance is lagging behind, and the financing of agricultural credit is difficult.
The weakness of China agriculture has decided the agricultural economic development cannot do without the policy of financial support, because of the commercial finance, agricultural credit risk, low income, high cost, slow capital turnover and other unfavorable factors, the commercial and financial institutions engaged in the management of security, liquidity and profitability is completely contrary.
A policy bank is also a bank. We must follow the general rule of banks. We should emphasize business efficiency, prevent and mitigate risks, improve asset quality and achieve sustainable development under the premise of implementing policies.
Policy guidance for the performance of agricultural loan refers to the functions of policy banks to support the acquisition of grain, promote the production and marketing, maintenance of agricultural products and agricultural means of production market stability, by issuing independent payment, loan risk.
The policy guidance loan has the following characteristics: 1., the nature of loan is between policy and business. 2., the purpose of loan is specific, and 3. entry conditions are low. But after loan management is strict, 4. loan period is generally less than one year, 5. credit exposure is bigger.
Jilin Province agricultural policy guidance issued loan situation is: the anti risk ability of enterprises is poor, the first source of repayment, enterprise financial accounting is not standardized, not conducive to the regulation of credit sales return ratio, personal bank card repeated, the management measures are not in place, the risk prevention and control more difficult. The risk is reflected in: one is the loan risk, compared with commercial banks, agricultural issue to guarantee the choice has certain limitations. In the issuance of guidance policy loans can only be effective in assets "as against credit" and the legal representative of the enterprise for personal property to pledge after credit loans. Second is the market risk in China "agriculture is weak, agricultural enterprise profit level is low, the ability to resist risk. With the deepening of market reform, our country market gradually open up the international market, the domestic impact of more and more Large enterprises need to cope with more and more risks and the market risk of credit funds will also increase. Third, moral hazard is mainly due to the lack of integrity of corporate entities, and the risk of embezzlement and appropriation of credit funds.
In view of the above risks, must study the risk prevention and control measures, there are mainly three, one is to make up for the credit exposure, the two is to improve the proportion of gold, covering the market price risk, three is the implementation of high-quality customer strategy, cultivate high-quality customers. At the same time to take the necessary measures to ensure that the risk prevention and control measures, to ensure that the management is a two is the strict requirements of the letter, rewards and punishments measures, three is the establishment of enterprise credit archives.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：F832.4;F832.31

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