难民危机背景下德国极右翼政党的发展

发布时间：2017-12-30 17:26

本文关键词：难民危机背景下德国极右翼政党的发展　出处：《山东大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：由于政治文化、政党制度、移民历史等原因,极右翼政党在德国的存在由来已久,但由于二战后德国民众对法西斯主义的警惕以及来自德国政府、媒体、民众等多方面因素的限制,极右翼政党在德国政治领域始终处于边缘状态。近年来,在欧债危机尚未褪去、恐怖主义活动猖獗、英国退欧重创欧洲一体化的影响下,德国的极右翼势力已呈崛起之势,整个欧洲的政治风向也有右转的倾向。在美国主导、欧洲国家积极参与的对西亚、北非的局部战争以及恐怖主义等因素的影响之下,大量的国际难民产生并涌向欧洲各国,欧洲难民危机逐现端倪并不断演进。其中,德国由于经济状态良好、难民政策宽松等原因吸引了大量的难民,成为此次难民危机的重灾区。而难民危机在德国的演进成为加速德国极右翼政党发展的最直接原因,也成为压垮德国政府限制极右翼政党发展的最后一根稻草。难民危机引发的社会治安问题、恐怖主义、文化冲突以及给德国带来的经济压力和对福利社会的威胁,改变了德国社会最初欢迎难民的主流状态,也改变了德国的选民结构和选民意愿。越来越多的民众受到极右翼政党的吸引,或出于对政府难民政策的不满,将选票投给极右翼政党。德国极右翼政党也充分发挥主动性,利用难民危机以期达成自己的政治目标。本文旨在探究难民危机背景下德国极右翼政党发展的主客观原因及其发展前景。在研究思路上,本文按照史论结合、数据与案例互为支撑的方式展开,以政党适应性理论为指导,分析德国极右翼政党发展的历史根源与现实性因素。在论述结构上,本文通过对德国政治文化、政党制度、经济发展、移民历史等方面的考察,探究极右翼政党在德国存在和发展的思想基础与历史根源,并在界定极右翼政党概念的基础上,对德国主要极右翼政党进行归类和现状分析。德国极右翼政党的异军突起打破了德国现有的政治格局,使德国的政党格局进一步碎片化,同时也促使德国政府调整难民政策。德国极右翼政党的发展不仅影响了德国国内的政治、经济和社会状况,还影响了整个欧洲的政治风向。德国极右翼政党的发展存在主客观两方面的因素。在客观因素方面,难民危机在德国的演进为德国极右翼政党的发展提供了更为广泛的选民基础,其引发的社会治安问题与文化冲突问题也为极右翼思想的蔓延提供了社会基础与思想基础。在主观因素方面,德国极右翼政党及时转变政党政策以适应难民危机的背景,并通过塑造领袖形象、利用网络渠道、攻击执政联盟的方式主动出击,积极利用难民危机为政党的发展争取空间。但由于主流政党、媒体、民众的限制,以及极右翼政党自身的缺陷,德国的极右翼政党在后难民危机时代能否存续仍难下定论。就目前的选举状况来看,德国政局仍由主流政党把持,德国极右翼政党的迅速发展虽引人注目,但影响有限。
[Abstract]:Because of the political culture, political system, history of immigration and other reasons, the extreme right-wing political long-standing presence in Germany, but Germany after World War II people wary of fascism and from the German government, media, public and other factors limit, extreme right-wing parties always marginalized in the German political field. In recent years, in the European debt the crisis has not faded, rampant terrorist activities, the influence of the British champions back hit the European integration, the right-wing forces in Germany has shown a rising trend, the European political wind also has the right tendency. In the United States led, actively participate in European countries in West Asia, under the influence of local wars and terrorism and other factors in North Africa. A large number of international and European countries to produce refugees, the European refugee crisis emerged and gradually evolving. Among them, the German economy as well, the refugee policy Loose and other reasons to attract a large number of refugees, the refugee crisis stricken area. And the refugee crisis in Germany accelerated evolution became the most direct cause of the German extreme right-wing political party development, has become overwhelmed by the German government to limit the last straw extreme right-wing political development. Terrorism social security issues, the refugee crisis caused by cultural conflicts and brought Germany economic pressure and social welfare of the threat, change the mainstream state of German Society initially welcome refugees, but also changed the structure of voters and voter intention in Germany. More and more people are attracted by the extreme right-wing parties, or for the government's refugee policy dissatisfaction, will vote for the far right party the German extreme right-wing parties also give full play to the initiative, the refugee crisis in order to achieve their own political goals. This paper aims to explore the refugee crisis under the background of the German far right Wing party development objective and subjective reasons and its development prospect. In the study, according to the combination of the history data and cases to support each other, to Party adaptation theory, analysis of the German extreme right-wing party development history and realistic factors. In the structure, based on the German political culture, political system, economic development, and other aspects of the history of immigration investigation, inquiry of extreme right-wing parties in the ideological foundation and the historical roots of the existence and development of Germany, and on the basis of the definition of extreme right-wing parties on the concept of classified analysis and current situation of the main German extreme right-wing parties. Extreme right-wing political A new force suddenly rises. broke the existing German in Germany the political pattern, make further pieces of German political pattern, at the same time also prompted the German government to adjust the refugee policy. Development of extreme right-wing parties in Germany not only affects the German domestic The political, economic and social conditions, but also affected the entire European political wind. The development of extreme right-wing parties in Germany there are two factors of subjective and objective. The objective factors, the refugee crisis in Germany for the development of the evolution of extreme right-wing parties in Germany provides more voters broad-based, the cause of social security the problem of cultural conflict and also provides social basis and ideological foundation for the extreme right-wing ideas spread. In the subjective factors, the German extreme right-wing parties timely change party policies to adapt to the refugee crisis in the background, and through shaping the images of leaders, the use of network channels, Attack Coalition Approach initiative, active use of space for the refugee crisis for political development. But as the mainstream political parties, media, public, and its defects of extreme right-wing parties, extreme right-wing parties in Germany after the refugee crisis Era The current situation of election is still dominated by the mainstream political parties. The rapid development of the German right wing parties is notable but limited.

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D751.6

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