银行存贷挂钩的正当性及其监管研究

发布时间：2018-01-01 16:43

本文关键词：银行存贷挂钩的正当性及其监管研究　出处：《华东政法大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：在我国现行的市场经济体制中,各类国有、商业股份制银行在金融领域活动中占据着极其重要的地位。银行作为持有我国政府颁发的的金融许可牌照的企业,主要承担吸收公众存款,向公众发放贷款等金融服务职能。对于我国银行而言,由于我国国情的特殊性和复杂性,银行成为唯一具有吸存放贷的合法机构,国家也在立法层面进行各种保护,并打击非银行的吸储,控制非银行的放贷,加上中国传统金融理念的根深蒂固,直接造成了银行在金融活动领域中的绝对主导地位。在我国经济谋求迅猛发展的当下,因为各行各业的维持运营以及扩大规模或者深化产业结构都离不开大量资金的支持,那么银行的贷款只能就显得尤为重要。对于银行这个本质上属于金融服务中介的机构来说,发放贷款的规模完全不可能依靠其自有的资金来支撑,所以,吸收存款,充实自身的资金池用以扩大贷款发放的规模是必然的需求。与此同时,我国的银行业仍然处于银行经营的传统基础阶段,那就是依靠贷款利率与存款利率的固定比差进行获利,这一点与国外的银行经营方式和理念有着截然不同的差别,这种差别使我国银行业形成了通过获取存贷款的利差做为主要利润来源的固定思维。而这样的固定思维的产生与我国金融主管部门、经营管理机构的相关规章制度是密不分可的,我国银行的利率由金融主管部门直接依据经济需求进行确定的方式,直接体现统治阶级对于经济的掌握,这种简单粗暴一刀切的方式直接为我国银行提供了高额利差收入的法律保证,并且这样的法律保证,普通公民是不能够提出异议的,只能无条件执行。那么作为经济政策的主要执行者,我国银行为了实现自身利润的增长,必然要扩大贷款的规模,而扩大贷款规模的前提就是银行需要具有足够的资产,也可以简单的理解成为银行有着足够的存款规模。那么存款和贷款的挂钩也就是顺理成章的事情。但是,银行将存款和贷款挂钩起来的行为,却是伤害了其他经济活动参与者的的合法利益,就拿最基本的贷款业务而言,银行要求的存贷挂钩机制给贷款企业额外增加了不必要的经济负担,并且对整个社会市场经济的发展埋下了隐患。银行将存贷挂钩的对于企业的影响直接体现在了在发放贷款的时候,要求企业承诺或者事先按贷款金额的一定比例存入等量的现金,作为换取发放贷款的前提条件。至于存入的资金来源,银行在所不问。通常情况下,申请贷款的企业往往都是非常缺乏资金,那么要存入部分的资金从何而来就成为企业亟待解决的问题。现实情况是,许多企业只有通过中介,也就是所谓的资金掮客,通过其他企业或者个人存入资金来换取贷款的发放。而其他企业或者个人为申请贷款的企业存款并不是免费的,申请贷款的企业必须支付给存款企业或者个人一笔费用,这就是资金行业里所称的“贴息”。这部分费用的数量银行不做任何要求,申请贷款企业和存款企业只需要自行协商即可,一般根据各地的经济条件有所差异,但是通常在2%-4%之间。这部分费用就直接增加了申请贷款企业的贷款成本。做为银行而言,它本身作为企业,通过正常的经营,逐利作为它的根本目标是无可厚非的。同时,存款作为银行的规模评价指标之一,银行需求更多的存款也是符合其自身发展要求的。但是,银行却利用它在金融领域活动中的优势、强势的地位,在经营活动中对申请贷款的企业提出了不合理的要求,并以此作为吸收公众存款的手段之一,这个行为就不仅仅只能作为经营方式来考查,更多体现的是银行对于自身地位滥用的情形。同时,银行将存贷挂钩以后直接或者间接产生一定数量的社会经济甚至是社会法律问题。银行的存贷挂钩导致不能从别的途径获取存款支持的企业不能获取贷款或者不能获取足额的贷款,转而开始寻求民间借贷。而民间借贷高昂的利息成为压垮贷款企业的最后一根稻草。民间借贷直接导致许多原本可以通过银行继续维持经营的企业破产倒闭。而且,民间借贷的还款问题也催生了大量民事诉讼的产生,甚至衍生成为和人身财产相关的刑事案件。就当前的基层人民法院而言,在民事类诉讼中,涉及民间借贷纠纷的案件比例每年都在大量增加,在经济发达的确的基层人民法院,一年的民事诉讼中,涉及民间借贷纠纷的诉讼甚至可以达到60%以上。在民间借贷纠纷日益增多的情形下,大量的民间借贷机构也开始拒绝对部分企业发放贷款,那么许多无法贷款的企业只能采取了铤而走险的方式,也就是采用了违法的许以高额利息回报,向广大社会群众吸收资金,最后因资金链断裂导致企业法人畏罪潜逃,大量人民群众的资金不知去向,造成极坏的社会影响。这种非法集资的行为近年来频频发生,各地都有许多当地知名的大型企业都涉及非法集资。还有甚者,企业在无法从银行获取贷款后,与相关人员相互勾结,以存款的名义骗取他人或其他企业存入资金,通过伪造的印鉴转移走了存入的资金,直接将他人存款据为己有。这样的案例这几年在经济发达地区多有发生。这样的案件不仅仅损害了广大人民群众的合法财产权利,同时也对我国银行业的声誉造成了及其恶劣的影响。虽然这些经济、刑事犯罪的产生虽然看起来是个别现象,但是究其根源,却是可以追溯银行收贷,不放贷的原因之上。随着我国经济制度的建设和完善,我国银行基于法律所要求的审慎经营,规避风险,于是在贷款审核上加强审查力度,对于申请贷款的企业的审批通过率以及贷款额度做出了严格控制,减少了发放贷款的数量和对象范围,但同时对于符合贷款条件的企业又基于银行自身利益的需求对于存贷进行挂钩。这样的行为,直接导致大量能够取得银行贷款的企业被推向了民间借贷或者非法集资的这条不归路。虽然我国相关银行业主管部门出台了不少监管措施,也制定了相应的法律法规以及各种形式部门规章及行业规则,并且在对于银行存贷业务的审查上也采用了更加细致的措施。近年来,我国银行主管部门和银行业监管部门就存贷挂钩,以存转贷的问题一直都有着制约和监管,并且每年的审查管理力度都在增加。但是银行存贷挂钩的行为依然存在,并且已经成为了大部分银行所一致认可的贷款潜规则,改变的只是将存贷挂钩的现象从水面上转为地下进行,存贷挂钩的形式更加隐蔽,银行采用了各种方式或者手段逃避监管。当今社会,银行业的发展和银行业主管部门的监管本身就存在着矛盾和冲突,这其实是国家经济管理和社会经济发展存在的分歧。在银行业高速发展并且谋求与世界经济接轨的今天,平衡银行业规模扩张的需求和其他经济、金融领域的参与者的合法利益保护,是银行主管部门和监管部门主要的工作方向。当然,制定必要的法律法规、部门规章、行业规则是基础工作,而如何使现有的法律法规、部门规章、行业规则发挥出应有的作用,这不仅仅是银行主管、监管部门和银行的事,而是需要全社会进行通力合作。银行将存贷挂钩的行为是具有我国政治、法律制度的根本原因,也是有银行业自身的经济要求的。研究银行将存贷挂钩的正当性,是为了理解银行业的需求,在日后的政治、经济、法律建设上能够一定程度符合银行业的要求。同时,对于银行存贷挂钩监管的研究目的是为了更好的保护其他经济金融活动参与者的合法权益,将银行的权力进行必要的限制和约束,引导银行业的健康有序的发展,缓解因为银行的经营而产生的社会经济矛盾,保证社会经济的稳定和健康发展,减少出现因经济发展而衍生出的刑事案件,实现我国银行业的科学,可持续发展。
[Abstract]:In the current market economy, all kinds of state-owned commercial bank, shareholding system occupies a very important position in the financial sector activities. As China's Bank holds financial licence issued by the government of the enterprise, is mainly responsible for the public to absorb public deposits, loans and other financial services to China's banks. And because of the complexity and particularity of our country, the bank has become the only legitimate body suction loans, countries have various protection at the legislative level, and against non bank deposit taking control, non bank lending, coupled with the traditional financial Chinese idea ingrained, the direct cause of the banks in the financial activities in the field of absolute the leading position in China's economy. For the rapid development of the moment, because the maintenance operation of all walks of life and the expansion of scale or deepen the industrial structure cannot do without a large amount of money Support, so bank loans only for banks is particularly important. This essentially belongs to the financial intermediary service institutions, lending completely impossible to rely on its own funds to support, therefore, deposits, enrich their pool of funds to expand the size of loans is an inevitable demand. At the same time. China's banking industry is still in the basic stage of traditional banks, it is relying on lending rates and deposit rates than fixed differential profit, this point with the foreign banks operating mode and concept is very different, the difference of China's banking industry formed a fixed thinking spreads through access to deposits and loans to do as the main source of profits. And this fixed thinking of the China's financial departments, management mechanism of the relevant rules and regulations are closely divided, China Silver For the interest rate by the financial departments directly on the basis of the economic demand determined, directly reflects the ruling class for the economy to grasp, this simple and crude way across the board directly to our bank guarantees high interest income law, and the legal guarantee, ordinary citizens can not be challenged, only unconditional as the main execution. Then the implementation of economic policy, China's banks in order to realize their own profit growth is bound to expand the size of loans and loan scale is the premise to expand the bank needs to have adequate assets, also can be simply understood as bank has enough deposit scale. Then linked deposits and loans are is the logical thing. However, the bank will hook up the savings and loan behavior, but hurt the participants in other economic activities on the lawful rights and interests. Take the most basic loans, banks require to deposit linked mechanism of loan enterprise additional unnecessary economic burden, and to the development of social market economy potential problems. The bank will deposit linked to enterprise influence directly reflected in the time in issuing loans, enterprise commitment or advance according to a certain percentage of the loan amount in the same amount of cash, as a condition for granting loans. As for the source of funds deposited into the bank, not in question. Typically, loan companies often are very lack of funds, so to deposit part of the funds come from enterprises has become urgent problem to be solved. The reality is that many enterprises only through an intermediary, the so-called money brokers, by other enterprises or individuals to deposit funds for loans and other enterprises or industry. The person to apply for loans to corporate deposits is not free, apply for loans to enterprises must pay for deposits of enterprises or individuals a fee, which is called fund industry's "discount". The number of banks in this part of the cost without any requirements, apply for a loan and deposit business enterprises only need to negotiate their own can, in general according to the local economic conditions vary, but usually in the range of 2%-4%. This part of the cost will directly increase the enterprises to apply for loan costs. For banks, as the enterprise itself, through the normal operating profit as its fundamental goal is no ground for blame. At the same time, as one of the deposit bank scale evaluation index the bank needs more deposits, is also in line with its own development requirements. However, banks are using it in the activity in the financial field advantage, strong position in business activities Put forward unreasonable demands for loans to enterprises, and as one of the means to absorb public deposits, not only as a behavior mode of operation to test, and more is reflected in the bank for their own position abuse situation. At the same time, the bank will then deposit linked directly or indirectly produces a certain amount of social economy and even society legal issues. Linked deposit banks led to deposit cannot get support of businesses can not get loans or cannot obtain full loan from the other way, instead began to seek private lending and private lending. High interest has become the last straw breaks the enterprise loans. Private lending led directly to many of the original can be made by bank to maintain corporate bankruptcy management the problem of repayment. Moreover, private lending has also spawned a lot of civil litigation, and even develop into For personal property and related criminal cases. In terms of the grassroots people's courts in civil litigation, the proportion of cases annually involve private lending disputes are increasing, in the economically developed is the grassroots people's court civil procedure for a year, involved in private lending disputes can even reach more than 60% private lending disputes are increasing. In the circumstances, a large number of private lending institutions began to refuse to part of business loans, loans to so many enterprises can only take the way that rush into danger, using illegal promised high interest returns, the absorption of funds to the majority of the masses, finally due to funding strand breaks lead the corporate people fled, lots of money disappear without a trace, resulting in extremely bad social impact. This kind of illegal fund-raising behavior occurred frequently in recent years, all over Many local well-known large enterprises are involved in illegal fund-raising. There are still, enterprises unable to get loans from the bank, in collusion with the relevant personnel, to deposit in the name of defrauding others or other enterprises to deposit funds through forged seal away, deposited the funds directly to their savings for themselves. Such cases in recent in the economically developed areas have occurred. Such cases are not only damages people's legitimate property rights, and also caused a bad influence on our banking industry's reputation. Although the economy, the occurrence of criminal offences seems to be individual phenomenon, but the reason is, can be traced back the loan to bank. On the reasons for not lending. With the construction of our country and perfecting the economic system, China's banking prudent operation, legal requirement based on risk aversion, so in the loan audit Strengthen scrutiny for approval to apply for loans to enterprises through the rate and the loan amount to strictly control, reduce the number and scope of loans, but also to meet the conditions of the loan companies and banks based on their own needs and interests linked to deposit. Such behavior, a direct result of a large number of Bank loans can be achieved the enterprise is pushed to the private lending or illegal fund-raising this road. Although the Department in charge of bank industry in China has introduced a number of regulatory measures, has formulated the corresponding laws and regulations and various forms of departmental regulations and rules of the industry, and also uses a more detailed measures for bank Business Review in recent years. To our bank and the Department in charge of the banking supervision department loan linked to deposit and lending problems have been restricting and supervision, and every year Review of the management are increasing. But the bank deposit linked behavior still exists, and has been recognized by the majority of bank loans just change the unspoken rule, will be linked deposit phenomenon from surface to underground, deposit linked to more subtle forms, the bank used a variety of methods or means to avoid regulation. In today's society, the competent department of banking industry development and banking supervision itself there are contradictions and conflicts, which is actually exist in the national development of economic management and social and economic differences. With the rapid development of the banking industry and seek integration with the world economy today, the balance of bank scale expansion of demand and other economic interests. The financial sector participants, is the main direction of the work of the bank and the Department in charge of supervision department. Of course, make the necessary laws and regulations, department regulations, industry The rule is the basic work, but how to make the existing laws and regulations, departmental regulations, rules of the industry to play its due role, it is not only in charge of the bank, regulators and banks, but the whole society need to work together. The bank will deposit linked with China's political behavior is the fundamental reason, the legal system, but also have the economic requirements of banking itself. The bank will study the legitimacy of Linked Deposit, in order to understand the needs of the banking industry, the economy in the days after the political, legal construction, to a certain extent with the banking requirements. At the same time, for the purpose of bank regulation is linked to better protect the legitimate rights and interests of other participants economic and financial activities, the power of the bank to make the necessary restrictions and constraints, to guide the development of the banking industry healthy and orderly, ease because banks and social economy Contradictions, ensure social and economic stability and healthy development, reduce the criminal cases derived from economic development, and achieve the scientific and sustainable development of China's banking industry.

【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D922.281

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